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ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ

ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ
ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ
ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ
ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱜᱩᱡᱟᱨᱤ • ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ • ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ • ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ • ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ • ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ • ᱩᱨᱫᱩ • ᱯᱟᱥᱛᱳ • ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱵᱷᱤ • ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ • ᱵᱟᱞᱳᱪᱤ • ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱲᱤ • ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ
ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ
ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ • ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ
ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ
ᱡᱟᱴ • ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ • ᱟᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ

ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ (ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ, ᱜᱩᱡᱚᱨ, ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ[᱑]) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ[᱒] ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ,[᱓] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱓] ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ, ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ[᱔][᱕][᱖] ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ-ᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾[᱗] ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾[᱑][᱘]

ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ (᱕᱗᱐ CE ᱥᱩᱨ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾[᱙] ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱛᱨᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾[᱑᱐]

᱑᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱩᱡᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ 'ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ' (turbulent) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾

ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱛᱨᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱱᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱑᱑][᱑᱒] ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱟᱨᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱑᱓]

ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱱᱟᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ, ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ:[᱑᱔]{{sfn|Singh|2012|pp=[(https://books.google.com/books?id=oscmJoix2IAC&pg=PA51) 48 & 51]}} ᱢᱤᱫ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱕᱓% ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱔᱖.᱘% ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱐.᱒% ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱑᱕]

ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ, ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱴᱟᱹᱺᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱳᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱱᱣᱟᱞᱟ, ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ, ᱜᱩᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱟᱢ; ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ, ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱣᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ; ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ᱾

ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ jati, zaat, qaum ᱥᱮ biradari ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾[᱑᱖][᱑᱗]

ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ 'ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱫᱽ (ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾[᱑᱘] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱸᱫᱮᱦ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾[᱑᱙][᱒᱐]

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱳᱯᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱑ CE ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ) ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾[᱒᱑] Aydogdy Kurbanov ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, Hephthalites ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾[᱒᱒]

ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾[᱒᱓]

B. D. Chattopadhyaya ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾[᱒᱔] ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, Tanuja Kothiyal ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱠᱷᱚᱨ" ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ-ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱛᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ᱾[᱒᱕] ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ: ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ, ᱡᱟᱴ, ᱨᱟᱭᱠᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱒᱖]

ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱚᱪᱚᱨᱤᱛᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱓᱐ CE ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱚᱵᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱒᱗] ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱬᱚᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚ, ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱠᱚᱨᱵᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱱ (᱕᱖᱐-᱕᱘᱐ CE) ᱫᱚ "ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ" ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ᱾

ᱵᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱶᱩᱱᱴ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱒᱘] ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱖ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱛᱨᱚ (ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ) ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ (ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾[᱒᱙]

ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱷᱚᱠᱷᱟᱜ "ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱟᱣᱤᱡ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ: gur ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ "ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ" ᱟᱨ ujjar ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ "ᱱᱟᱥᱟᱣᱤᱡ")᱾[᱓᱐][᱓᱑]

ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱨ, ᱦᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱡᱷᱚᱠᱷᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱴᱠᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱽᱲᱩ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾[᱓᱒] ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱜᱚᱡᱽᱱᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱣᱚᱫᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱢᱩᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ᱾ ᱑᱕᱒᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱗᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱡᱮᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱨ-ᱡᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾

ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱫᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ
ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱑᱘᱕᱙-᱖᱙ ᱥᱩᱨ

᱑᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱤᱛᱜᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱱᱮᱭᱱ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾[᱓᱓] ᱢᱳᱨᱮᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱛᱷᱟᱨ, ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱯᱩᱨ, ᱥᱚᱦᱟᱨᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱲᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱓᱔]

ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱮᱴᱠᱟᱞᱯᱷ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱩᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾[᱓᱕] ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱕᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾[᱓᱖]

ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱑᱙᱘᱔

ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱡᱽᱣᱳᱠ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱯᱤᱥᱟ, ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱞᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱞᱠᱷ, ᱠᱩᱱᱫᱩᱡᱽ, ᱛᱟᱠᱷᱟᱨ, ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱠᱷᱥᱟᱱ, ᱱᱩᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱞᱟᱜᱷᱢᱟᱱ, ᱱᱟᱱᱜᱟᱨᱦᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱳᱥᱛ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾[᱓᱗]

ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱓᱗]

ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ (OBC) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾[᱓᱘] ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ (ST) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾

ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ᱾[᱓᱙]

ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾[᱔᱐] ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾[᱔᱑]

ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱟᱥᱤᱱᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱳᱫᱷᱯᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱥᱨᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱜᱚᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱞᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ

ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱡᱚ, ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ (ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ), ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾[᱔᱒]

ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ OBC ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ST ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (BJP) ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾[᱔᱓]

ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱠᱟᱨᱵᱟᱞ (ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱜᱩᱯᱤ)

ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱨᱵᱟᱞ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ (ST) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾[᱔᱔] ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱳᱣᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱯᱩᱧᱪ, ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱠᱤᱥᱛᱣᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾

᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ᱾[᱔᱕]

ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾[᱔᱖]

ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱱᱣᱟᱞᱟ, ᱜᱩᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
  1. 1 2 Mayaram, Shail (2017). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=DzcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67) "The Story of the Gujars"]. In Vijaya Ramaswamy (ed.). Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India. Taylor & Francis. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-351-55825-9. The heterogeneous ᱛᱷᱚᱠ that is variously called gujar/Gujjar/Gurjara. {{cite book}}: Check |chapter-url= value (help)
  2. ↑ Zelin, Madeleine (2015-10-06). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=BHNECgAAQBAJ) Merchant Communities in Asia, 1600–1980] (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-317-31789-0. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  3. 1 2 Rahi, Javaid, ed. (2012). [(https://www.academia.edu/41978043) The GUJJARS - A Book Series on History and Culture of Gujjar Tribe]. Vol. 1. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)[permanent dead link]
  4. ↑ [(https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/bjp-sets-its-eyes-on-gujjar-bakarwal-tribes-in-jammu-and-kashmir-374770) "Welfare measures of nomadic Gujjar and Bakarwal tribes to be taken"]. The Tribune. 3 Mar 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)[permanent dead link]
  5. ↑ [(https://indianexpress.com/article/india/political-pulse/jammu-kashmir-delimitation-gujjars-bakarwals-7779985/lite/) "As seen from the eyes of nomadic tribes"]. The Indian Express. 18 Feb 2022. Retrieved 18 Feb 2022. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)[permanent dead link]
  6. ↑ [(https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/photography/kashmir-s-nomadic-tribes-of-gujjar-and-bakarwal-finding-identity-among-the-unidentified-b1892822.html) "Finding identity: Nomadic Gujjar tribes"]. Independent. 29 Jul 2021. Retrieved 29 Jul 2021. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  7. ↑ Rahi, Javaid, ed. (2016). [(https://www.academia.edu/43050675) "The GUJJARS - A Book Series on History and Culture of Gujjar Tribe"]. The Gujjars -Vol: 06- ed Javaid Rahi. 6. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)[permanent dead link]
  8. ↑ Agnihotri, V. K. “The Gujjars are pastoral and nomadic. They wander throughout the year in search of grazing pastures for their cattle which mostly consists of buffaloes and cows. Gujjars are Hindus as well as Muslims though the bulk of them are Muslims. Muslim Gujjar is a nomad and therefore, has no settled home in any part of Himachal Pradesh. Today Hindu Gujjars mostly lead a settled life.”; Vora, Rajendra (2002). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=dyPsvseSdiQC&dq=nomad+gujjar&pg=PA14) Socio-economic Profile of Rural India: North-central & western India (Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharashtra)] (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-206-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  9. ↑ Baij Nath Puri (1957). [(https://archive.org/details/thehistoryofthegurjarapratiharasbaijnathpuri_300_m/mode/2up) The History Of The Gurjara Pratiharas] (PhD thesis) – via Internet Archive. {{cite thesis}}: Check |url= value (help)
  10. ↑ Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 6 "we have noted that Gurjaratra or Gurjarabhumi was the base from which several lineages tracing descent from the Gurjaras emerged"
  11. ↑ Baij Nath Puri 1957, p. 12.
  12. ↑ Buddha Prakash (1965). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=lKg5AQAAIAAJ) Aspects of Indian History and Civilization]. Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 157. ISBN 9780842616812. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  13. ↑ Baij Nath Puri (1975). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=orAJAQAAIAAJ) The History of the Gurjara-Pratihāras]. Oriental Publishers & Distributors. pp. 14–17. ISBN 978-81-215-0003-6. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  14. ↑ [(http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Nuristan.html) "Nuristan"]. Program for Culture & Conflict Studies. Naval Postgraduate School. October 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2013. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  15. ↑ Sukhbir Singh, "[(https://apgin.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Vol-10_1988.pdf)%5B%5D Distributional Pattern of the Major Agricultural Communities (Ahirs, Gujars, Jats and Rajputs) in Their Traditional Abode of the North-Western Indian Subcontinent]", Population Geography, Vol. 10, Nos. 1 and 2, June–December 1988, pp. 1–17, table 2 on p. 6. [Archived 23 June 2025.
  16. ↑ {{cite book|author=Gloria Goodwin Raheja|url=(https://archive.org/details/poisoningiftritu0000rahe)%7Curl-access=registration%7Ctitle=The Poison in the Gift: Ritual, Prestation, and the Dominant Caste in a North Indian Village|date=15 September 1988|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-70729-7|pages=[(https://archive.org/details/poisoningiftritu0000rahe/page/n16) 01]–03|quote=This regional dominance and the kingship (rajya) exercised by Gurjar chiefs still figure prominently in oral traditions current among Saharanpur Gurjars and in the depiction of their identity as Ksatriya "kings" in printed histories of the Gujar Jati.}}
  17. ↑ Muhammad Asghar (2016). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=utd7DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA10) The Sacred and the Secular: Aesthetics in Domestic Spaces of Pakistan/Punjab]. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 10. ISBN 978-3-643-90836-0. The main grouping is the biradari, which is a very old established norm of people identifying themselves... A larger and also ancient form of grouping is the caste (qaum). The three main ones are Jaats (farmers), Arains (who traditionally were gardeners) and Gujjars (people who tend livestock and sell milk). {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  18. ↑ Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 6.
  19. ↑ Sharma, Sanjay (2006). "Negotiating Identity and Status". Studies in History. 22 (2): 181–220. doi:10.1177/025764300602200202. ISSN 0257-6430. S2CID 144128358.
  20. ↑ Sharma, Shanta Rani (2012). "Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras". Indian Historical Review. 39 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1177/0376983612449525. ISSN 0376-9836. S2CID 145175448.
  21. ↑ {{harvnb|Singh|2012|pp=[(https://books.google.com/books?id=oscmJoix2IAC&pg=PA44) 44–]}}
  22. ↑ Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2010). [(http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/FUDISS_derivate_000000007165/01_Text.pdf) "The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis"]. p. 243. Retrieved 11 January 2013. As a result of the merging of the Hephthalites and the Gujars with population from northwestern India, the Rajputs (from Sanskrit "rajputra" – "son of the rajah") formed. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  23. ↑ Mayaram, Shail (2017). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=DzcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67) "The Story of the Gujars"]. In Vijaya Ramaswamy (ed.). Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India. Taylor & Francis. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-351-55825-9. {{cite book}}: Check |chapter-url= value (help)
  24. ↑ Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 64. "documents dating from seventh century suggest a wide distribution of Gurjararas as a political power in western India"
  25. ↑ Kothiyal, Tanuja (14 March 2016). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=tanuja+kothiyal+book) Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert] (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Cambridge University Press. pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-1-107-08031-7. The cultural image of the Gujar is of an ignorant herder though the historical claims of Gujar past also associate them with Gurjara-Pratiharas, with long migrations through Thar. However, as the Devnarayan epic reveals, any Rajput link that the Gujars may claim, comes from multi-caste marriages that are contracted in the course of the epic rather than any other claim to descent from the older kshatriya clan. The original ancestor of the Gujars is a Rajput, who marries a Brahmin woman. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  26. ↑ Kothiyal, Tanuja (14 March 2016). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=tanuja+kothiyal+book) Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert] (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-107-08031-7. from gradual transformation of mobile pastoral and tribal groups into landed sedentary ones. The process of settlement involved both control over mobile resources through raids, battles and trade as well as channelizing of these resources into agrarian expansion. Kinship structures as well as marital and martial alliances were instrumental in this transformation. ... In the colonial ethnographic accounts rather than referring to Rajputs as having emerged from other communities, Bhils, Mers, Minas, Gujars, Jats, Raikas, all lay a claim to a Rajput past from where they claim to have 'fallen'. Historical processes, however, suggest just the opposite. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  27. ↑ Puri, Baij Nath (1986). The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 9.
  28. ↑ Kulbhushan Warikoo; Sujit Som. Gurjars of Jammu and Kashmir. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya. Dr. B. N. Puri who wrote a thesis Gurjar Pratihar at oxford university states that the Gurjars were local people
  29. ↑ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar; Achut Dattatrya Pusalker; A. K. Majumdar; Dilip Kumar Ghose; Vishvanath Govind Dighe; Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (1977). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 153.
  30. ↑ Warikoo, Kulbhushan; Som, Sujit (2000). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=zxtuAAAAMAAJ) Gurjars of Jammu and Kashmir]. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya. p. 4. "Gurjar" is a Sanskrit word which has been explained thus: Gur+Ujjar;'Gur' means 'enemy' and 'ujjar' means 'destroyer'. The word means "Destroyer of the enemy". {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  31. ↑ Parishada, Bhāratīya Gurjara (1993). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=9kwIAAAAIAAJ) Gurjara aura Unakā Itihāsa meṃ Yogadāna Vishaya para Prathama …, Volume 2]. Bharatiya Gurjar Parisha. p. 27. Sanskrit Dictionary Compiled by Pandit Radha Kant (Shakabada 1181) explains: Gurjar=Gur (enemy)+Ujar(destroyer) {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  32. ↑ Shail Mayaram (2004). [(https://books.google.com/books?id=zL-7m2MDp2EC) Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins]. Permanent Black. p. 94. ISBN 978-81-7824-096-1. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  33. ↑ [(https://web.archive.org/web/20090619074812/http://meerut.nic.in/tourist.htm) "Tourist Places"]. District Administration Meerut. Archived from [(http://meerut.nic.in/tourist.htm) the original] on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  34. ↑ [(https://roorkee.cantt.gov.in/history/) "Roorkee Cantonment Board - History"]. Retrieved 2 September 2021. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)[permanent dead link]
  35. ↑ Sen, Geeti; Ashis Banerjee (2001). The Human Landscape. Orient Longman. p. 236. ISBN 978-81-250-2045-5.
  36. ↑ C.R. Bijoy (February 2003). "The Adivasis of India – A History of Discrimination, Conflict, and Resistance". PUCL Bulletin. People's Union for Civil Liberties. pp. 55–61.
  37. 1 2 Hamdard, Azizullah (January 2021). [(https://pajhwok.com/2021/01/13/gujars-use-andak-meat-for-coronavirus-treatment/) "Gujars use Andak meat for coronavirus treatment"]. Retrieved 15 March 2023. Reaching in numbers almost 1.5 million, Gujar tribe men and women live in parts of Kapesa, Baghlan, Balkh, Kunduz, Takhar, Badakhshan, Nuristan, Laghman, Nangarhar and Khost provinces. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  38. ↑ Page, Jeremy (30 May 2008). [(https://web.archive.org/web/20131104003944/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2608724.ece) "India's Gujjar caste fight for a downgrade"]. The Times. Archived from [(http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2608724.ece) the original] on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2009. {{cite news}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help)
  39. ↑ Dabral, Shweta; Malik, S.L. (2004). "Demographic Study of Gujjars of Delhi: Population Structure and Socio-cultural Profile". Journal of Human Ecology. 16: 17–24. doi:10.1080/09709274.2004.11905710. ISSN 0970-9274. S2CID 55355163.
  40. ↑ Chattar Pal Tanwar (3 August 2003). [(http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030803/ncr1.htm#4) "Anti-dowry campaign renewed before marriage season"]. The Tribune. Chandigarh. Retrieved 31 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  41. ↑ Parmindar Singh (29 June 2003). [(http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030630/ncr1.htm#5) "No band, no dhol, and just 11 baratis"]. The Tribune. Chandigarh. Retrieved 31 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  42. ↑ Daniel Neuman; Shubha Chaudhuri; Komal Kothari (2007). [(https://archive.org/details/bardsballadsboun00neum) Bards, ballads and boundaries: an ethnographic atlas of music traditions in West Rajasthan]. Seagull. ISBN 978-1905422074. Devnarayan is worshipped as an avatar or incarnation of Vishnu. This epic is associated with the Gujar caste {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  43. ↑ [(http://www.countercurrents.org/rahi060608.htm) "Gujjar of Rajasthan and ST Status"]. Countercurrents.org. 6 June 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2009. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)[permanent dead link]
  44. ↑ [(https://tribal.nic.in/DivisionsFiles/clm/17.pdf) "Scheduled Tribe Order"]. Government of India, Tribal Affairs Department. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  45. ↑ [(https://tribalaffairs.jk.gov.in/StPopu.pdf) "Tribal Population of Gujjars, Bakerwals"]. Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Tribal Affairs Department. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)[permanent dead link]
  46. ↑ [(https://web.archive.org/web/20240815112219/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/who-are-the-gujjars/story-cHGOp2jkDxjWspEpXZuBAM.html) "Who are the Gujjars?"]. Hindustan Times. 3 June 2007. Archived from [(https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/who-are-the-gujjars/story-cHGOp2jkDxjWspEpXZuBAM.html) the original] on 15 August 2024. In Pakistan, they comprise as much as 20 per cent of the population. {{cite web}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check |url= value (help)

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