ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ

ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ
	ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ
ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱨ	ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ
ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱴ	ᱵᱨᱚᱰᱥᱤᱴ
ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱠᱚ	ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ
ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱡ	ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱥᱮᱨ
ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞᱤᱡ	ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ
ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ	ᱱᱟᱨᱚᱫᱽ ᱜᱳᱣᱛᱚᱢ
ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ	6 ᱢᱮ 1901; (125 years ago)
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ	ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ
ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ	ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚ ᱯᱚᱛᱷ, ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ
ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ	ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ
ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮᱱ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ	ᱫᱤ ᱨᱟᱭᱡᱤᱝ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ
ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ	ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ

ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ: गोरखापत्र ) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱑] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾^[᱒] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱓] ᱫᱤ ᱨᱟᱭᱡᱤᱝ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮᱱ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱔] ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱡᱤᱵᱚᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱛᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱱᱚᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱜᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ᱾^[᱕]

ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ

ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ — ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ᱾ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ गोर्खापत्र (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱯᱷᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱒᱖ (᱔ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ गोरखापत्र (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱜᱭᱟᱱᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ (᱑᱘ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱠ ᱒᱐᱖᱓ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱨᱮ ᱜᱭᱟᱱᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ (गोरखापत्र) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾^[᱖]

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱥᱮᱨ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱖ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱐᱑ (᱒᱔ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱠ ᱑᱙᱕᱘ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱥᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱤᱛ ᱱᱚᱨᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱯᱷᱴᱤᱱᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱮᱞ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱥᱮᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾^[᱗] ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱤᱛ ᱱᱚᱨᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱩᱠᱫᱟᱨ (ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱚᱨ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱔-ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾

ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ, ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱥᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱥᱮᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱥᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱥᱚᱢᱥᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱯᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱤᱛ ᱱᱚᱨᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱐᱓ (ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱩᱠᱫᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾

ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱥᱮᱨ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ, ᱡᱚᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱤᱛᱷᱵᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱐᱓ (᱒᱒ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱩᱠᱫᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾^[᱘] ᱒᱓ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱐᱕ (᱘ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱒ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱔ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱐᱘ (᱓᱐ ᱚᱜᱷᱚᱬ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾^[᱙]

ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱯᱮᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱯᱨᱮᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ (᱕ ᱡᱮᱴᱷ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱞ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱘ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱕᱕ (᱑᱒ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱕᱗ (᱒᱓ ᱟᱥᱤᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾^[᱑᱐]

ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ 1994 BS (1937-1938) ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱨᱚᱫᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱓᱘ (᱒ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱠ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ (᱒) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾^[᱖]

ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱥᱩᱯᱚᱛ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱤᱛ ᱱᱚᱨᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ, ᱢᱳᱛᱤᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ, ᱯᱚᱥᱩᱯᱚᱛ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾^[᱑᱑] ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱤᱛ ᱱᱚᱨᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱛᱤᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱛᱤᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱢᱟᱢᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱳᱛᱤᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱚ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ 1945 BS (1888-1889) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾^[᱑᱒] 1950 BS (1893-1894) ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱥᱩᱯᱚᱛ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱦᱤᱛᱤ, ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱫᱚ 2038 BS (1981-1982) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱣᱮᱵᱽ ᱚᱯᱷᱥᱮᱴ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱔ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱒ (᱑᱐ ᱟᱥᱟᱲ ᱒᱐᱕᱙ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱑᱓]

ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱙᱖᱓ (᱒᱕ ᱟᱥᱟᱲ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ) ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱥᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾^[᱙]

ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ

ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱮᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ):^[᱑᱖]

᱖ ᱢᱮ ᱑᱙᱐᱑ (1901-05-06): ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ (᱒᱔ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱠ ᱑᱙᱕᱘ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ)
᱒᱖ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱒᱗ (1927-04-26): ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱭᱚᱢᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱨᱮᱥᱴᱷᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱜᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱠᱟᱢᱫᱷᱮᱱᱩ ᱪᱚᱨᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱮ ᱛᱮᱧᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾^[᱑᱗] (᱑᱓ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱠ ᱑᱙᱘᱔ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ)
᱒᱑ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ (1934-04-21): ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ (᱙ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱠ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ)
᱑ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱔᱑ (1941-09-01): ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ, ᱩᱫᱚᱭᱚᱝᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ (᱑۷ ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ)
᱑᱕ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱔᱓ (1943-10-15): ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ; ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ (᱒᱙ ᱟᱥᱤᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ)
᱒᱓ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱔᱖ (1946-12-23): ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ (᱘ ᱯᱩᱥ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ)
᱑᱘ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱙᱖᱑ (1961-02-18): ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ (᱗ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ)
᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱖᱒ (1962-06-23): ᱧᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱯᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠᱥ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ (᱙ ᱟᱥᱟᱲ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ)
᱑᱘ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱒ (1962-10-18): ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ (᱒ ᱠᱟᱨᱛᱤᱠ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ)
᱘ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ (1965-10-08): ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ (᱒᱒ ᱟᱥᱤᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ)
᱑᱗ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ (1988-08-17): ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱔ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱯᱮᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠᱥ (ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱚᱵᱟᱨ) ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ᱾ (ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱔᱕ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ)
᱖ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ (2000-05-06): ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ (᱒᱔ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱹᱠ ᱒᱐᱕᱗ ᱵᱤᱹᱮᱥ)
᱗ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱒᱖ (2026-05-07): ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱦᱟ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾

ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ

᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗ ᱢᱮᱹ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱠᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱩ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾^[᱑᱘]

ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ

ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ, ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱞᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱕᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱔]

ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ

ᱜᱳᱨᱠᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ
ᱫᱤ ᱨᱟᱭᱡᱤᱝ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢᱟᱜ
ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱩᱯᱚᱨᱠᱚ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ
ᱢᱩᱱᱟ, ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ
ᱭᱩᱵᱟ ᱢᱚᱧᱪᱚ, ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ

ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱪᱟᱜ

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱚᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱦᱤᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾^[᱔] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱨᱚᱱᱡᱤᱵᱤ ᱣᱟᱜᱽᱞᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱨᱠᱥ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ, ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱩᱱᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱳᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱥᱴᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱜᱩᱱᱟᱦ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱣᱟᱜᱽᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱥᱴᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱳᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾^[᱙]^[᱑᱙]

ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱗ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱰᱤᱞᱤᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱪᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱯᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾^[᱒᱐]

ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

↑ "पत्रकारिताको जिउँदो इतिहास गोरखापत्र". Gorkhapatra (in Nepali). Archived from the original (online) on 25 ᱡᱩᱱ 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ Kharel, P. "Distorted Draft Of History". Gorkhapatra. Archived from the original (online) on 27 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ 2014. Retrieved 20 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ 2014.
↑ Rajbhandari, Kritish. "GORKHAPATRA: A LIVING RELIC".
1 2 3 Thapa, Nirvik (3 ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2020). "A peek into the 120-year-old history of Gorkhapatra". Annapurna Express.
↑ @therecord. "A history of magazines in Nepal - The Record". www.recordnepal.com (in English). Retrieved 10 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
1 2 "गोरखापत्र ११९ वर्षमा, यस्तो छ गोरखापत्रको इतिहास". गोरखापत्र ११९ वर्षमा, यस्तो छ गोरखापत्रको इतिहास. Retrieved 6 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.
↑ Budhathoki, Bijeesha (21 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ 2020). "History of Nepali newspapers". OnlineKhabar.
↑ "A Trustworthy Newspaper". GorakhaPatra (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 6 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.
1 2 3 "Initial Days Of Gorkhapatra". GorakhaPatra (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 6 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.
↑ "शब्दचित्रमा गोरखापत्र". GorakhaPatra. Retrieved 6 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.
↑ "खोजी पहिलो सम्पादकको". GorakhaPatra. Retrieved 10 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.
↑ "एउटा युगका बौद्धिक नायक : मोतीराम भट्ट | Hamro Patro". www.hamropatro.com. Retrieved 10 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.
↑ "गोरखापत्र ११९ वर्षमा". Sabal Post (in ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). 7 ᱢᱮ 2019. Retrieved 6 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.
↑ Rastriya Samachar Samiti (27 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2017). "Rally marks National Photojournalism Day". thehimalayantimes.com. Retrieved 25 ᱢᱮ 2022.
↑ "95th Photojournalism Day marked". GorakhaPatra. Retrieved 25 ᱢᱮ 2022.
↑ "परिचय | गोरखापत्र संस्थान". gorkhapatra.org.np. Retrieved 12 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.^{[permanent dead link]}
↑ "Photobook unveiled marking 90th National Photo Journalism Day". Republica. 26 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2018.
↑ "ऐतिहासिक शुभारम्भ अङ्क सन्थाली भाषा षृष्ठा" (PDF). Gorkhapatraonline. Retrieved 2026/05/07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 23 (help)
↑ Sharma, Gopal (17 ᱢᱟᱨᱪ 2011). "Nepal ex-minister jailed for graft". news.trust.org. Retrieved 6 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.
↑ "Opinion | Nepal can do much better". kathmandupost.com (in English). Retrieved 3 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

[1] "पत्रकारिताको जिउँदो इतिहास गोरखापत्र". Gorkhapatra (in Nepali). Archived from the original (online) on 25 ᱡᱩᱱ 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[2] Kharel, P. "Distorted Draft Of History". Gorkhapatra. Archived from the original (online) on 27 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ 2014. Retrieved 20 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ 2014.

[3] Rajbhandari, Kritish. "GORKHAPATRA: A LIVING RELIC".

[:0-4] 1 2 3 Thapa, Nirvik (3 ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2020). "A peek into the 120-year-old history of Gorkhapatra". Annapurna Express.

[5] @therecord. "A history of magazines in Nepal - The Record". www.recordnepal.com (in English). Retrieved 10 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[:2-6] 1 2 "गोरखापत्र ११९ वर्षमा, यस्तो छ गोरखापत्रको इतिहास". गोरखापत्र ११९ वर्षमा, यस्तो छ गोरखापत्रको इतिहास. Retrieved 6 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.

[7] Budhathoki, Bijeesha (21 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ 2020). "History of Nepali newspapers". OnlineKhabar.

[8] "A Trustworthy Newspaper". GorakhaPatra (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 6 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.

[:1-9] 1 2 3 "Initial Days Of Gorkhapatra". GorakhaPatra (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 6 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.

[10] "शब्दचित्रमा गोरखापत्र". GorakhaPatra. Retrieved 6 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.

[11] "खोजी पहिलो सम्पादकको". GorakhaPatra. Retrieved 10 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.

[12] "एउटा युगका बौद्धिक नायक : मोतीराम भट्ट | Hamro Patro". www.hamropatro.com. Retrieved 10 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.

[13] "गोरखापत्र ११९ वर्षमा". Sabal Post (in ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). 7 ᱢᱮ 2019. Retrieved 6 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.

[14] Rastriya Samachar Samiti (27 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2017). "Rally marks National Photojournalism Day". thehimalayantimes.com. Retrieved 25 ᱢᱮ 2022.

[15] "95th Photojournalism Day marked". GorakhaPatra. Retrieved 25 ᱢᱮ 2022.

[16] "परिचय | गोरखापत्र संस्थान". gorkhapatra.org.np. Retrieved 12 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.^{[permanent dead link]}

[17] "Photobook unveiled marking 90th National Photo Journalism Day". Republica. 26 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2018.

[18] "ऐतिहासिक शुभारम्भ अङ्क सन्थाली भाषा षृष्ठा" (PDF). Gorkhapatraonline. Retrieved 2026/05/07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 23 (help)

[19] Sharma, Gopal (17 ᱢᱟᱨᱪ 2011). "Nepal ex-minister jailed for graft". news.trust.org. Retrieved 6 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.

[20] "Opinion | Nepal can do much better". kathmandupost.com (in English). Retrieved 3 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

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