ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱪᱷᱚᱴᱟᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ
ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱪᱷᱚᱴᱟᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱟᱹ ᱚᱛ (Plateau) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱪᱷᱚᱴᱟᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ (ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ, ᱜᱤᱨᱤᱰᱤᱦ, ᱪᱟᱛᱨᱟ, ᱠᱚᱰᱟᱨᱢᱟ, ᱵᱚᱠᱟᱨᱚ, ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱟᱲ) ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾[᱑]
᱑. ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ 'ᱪᱟᱭ-ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟ' ᱚᱠᱛᱚ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱹ-ᱵᱤᱱᱛᱤ (Lita-Binti) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ (Medieval period) ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱠᱳ ᱡᱮ 'ᱦᱤᱦᱤᱲᱤ-ᱯᱤᱯᱤᱲᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ-ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱱ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ 'ᱪᱟᱭ-ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟ' ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱒]
- ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ: ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, 'ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟ' ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱼᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱟᱲ (ᱠᱤᱞᱟ) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱓]
- ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ: ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ 'ᱢᱟᱹᱧᱡᱷᱤ-ᱯᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟ' ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ 'ᱪᱟᱭ-ᱪᱟᱢᱯᱟ' ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱾[᱔]
᱒. ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱪᱷᱚᱴᱟᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱟᱹ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ:
- ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱛᱨᱟ: ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
- ᱜᱤᱨᱤᱰᱤᱦ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱟᱨᱚ: ᱜᱤᱨᱤᱰᱤᱦ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ 'ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ' (ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱱᱟᱛᱷ) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱲ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱵᱚᱠᱟᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱞᱯᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ (ᱞᱩᱜᱩᱵᱩᱨᱩ) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
- ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱜᱟᱲ: ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
᱓. ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ (ᱫᱟᱢᱤᱱ-ᱤ-ᱠᱚᱦ ᱥᱮᱡ)
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]᱑᱗ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱪᱷᱚᱴᱟᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱟᱹ ᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ 'ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ' (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟ) ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
- ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ: ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ, ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱗᱗᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱞ (Famine) ᱾
- ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ: ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ 'ᱫᱟᱢᱤᱱ-ᱤ-ᱠᱚᱦ' ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱮᱣᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱟᱹ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
᱔. ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱪᱷᱚᱴᱟᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱟᱹ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ:
- ᱞᱩᱜᱩᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤ (ᱵᱚᱠᱟᱨᱚ): ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ 'ᱥᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱲ' ᱥᱮ 'ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱥᱛᱷᱟ' ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱕]
- ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ (ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱥᱱᱟᱛᱷ): ᱜᱤᱨᱤᱰᱤᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]- P.O. Bodding, Traditions and Institutions of the Santals (1942).
- W.W. Hunter, The Annals of Rural Bengal (1868) - ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨᱤᱵᱟᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱾
- L.S.S. O'Malley, Bengal District Gazetteers: Hazaribagh (1917).
- B.P. Keshri, Jharkhand ke Sadan - ᱪᱷᱚᱴᱟᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱾
- S.C. Roy, The Santals of the Chota Nagpur Plateau - ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱲ (ᱠᱤᱞᱟ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱾
- ↑ "Traditions And Institutions Of The Santals : Konow,sten. : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2026-01-17.
- ↑ "Oraons of chota nagpur their history, economic life and social organization : Roy, Sarat Chandra : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2026-01-17.
- ↑ "The annals of rural Bengal : Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, 1840-1900 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2026-01-17.
- ↑ "Bengal District Gazetteers : O'Malley, L. S. S. : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2026-01-17.
- ↑ (PDF) https://sampratyaya.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/s5.pdf. Retrieved 2026-01-17.
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