ᱡᱤᱰᱤᱯᱤ

ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱨᱚᱥ ᱰᱚᱢᱮᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱴ (English: Gross domestic product), ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ (GDP) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (goods) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ (services) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ (economy) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ (consumption), ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ (government spending), ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ (investment) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱟᱯᱛᱟᱱᱤ (net exports)᱾ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ (indicator) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱱ (standard of living) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱑᱖᱕᱒-᱑᱖᱗᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱚᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱯᱮᱴᱤ (William Petty) ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱫᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱡᱽᱱᱮᱴᱥ (Simon Kuznets) ᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱣᱩᱰᱥ ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ (Bretton Woods Conference) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾

ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ

ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

᱑. ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (Production approach)

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ (Value Added) ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ (output) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ (intermediate consumption) ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱜᱨᱚᱥ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ = ᱜᱨᱚᱥ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ – ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ

᱒. ᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (Income approach)

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ (factors of production) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭ (income) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ:

ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ (Wages)

ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ (Corporate profits)

ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱽ (Interest income)

ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ᱾

᱓. ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (Expenditure approach)

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱚ (formula) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: : 𝑌 = 𝐶 + 𝐼 + 𝐺 + ( 𝑋 − 𝑀 ) ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ:

C (Consumption) = ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ (ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ)

I (Investment) = ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ (ᱵᱮᱵᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ)

G (Government Spending) = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ (ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮ)

X (Exports) = ᱨᱟᱯᱛᱟᱱᱤ (ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱞ)

M (Imports) = ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱱᱤ (ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ)

ᱱᱚᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ

ᱱᱚᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ (Nominal GDP): ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ (current market prices) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱛᱤ (inflation) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾

ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ (Real GDP): ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱨᱫᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (base year) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ᱾

ᱜᱨᱚᱥ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱠᱚᱢ

ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ (borders) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱨᱚᱥ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱠᱚᱢ (GNI) ᱥᱮ ᱜᱨᱚᱥ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱴ (GNP) ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ)᱾