ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ (Maasai)
ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ (Maasai)
ɔl Maa
ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ	ᱠᱮᱱᱭᱟ, ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ
ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ	ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱱᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ
ᱡᱟᱹᱛ	ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ
ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ	Nilo-Saharan? ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ (Maasai); ; ; ; ; ;
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ
ISO 639-2	mas
ISO 639-3	mas
ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ	masa1300

ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ (Maasai) ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟ (Maa) (ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ pronunciation: /ˈmɑːsaɪ/;^[᱓] ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ: ɔl Maa) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱤᱞᱚᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩ (ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱯᱩᱨ), ᱪᱟᱢᱩᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱠᱩᱭᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ, ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨᱩ, ᱪᱟᱢᱩᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱠᱩᱭᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱟ (ɔl Maa) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, "ᱢᱟ" ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ "ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ" ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ "ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ" ᱾

ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (Phonology)

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱟ (ɔl Maa) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱭ (phonemes) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾

ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ

ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (consonant phonemes) ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ IPA ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ IPA ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱝᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱨᱮᱠᱮᱴ (< >) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

		ᱞᱩᱴᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ	ᱫᱟᱛᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ	ᱛᱟᱞᱩ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ / ᱛᱟᱞᱩ	ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱷᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ	ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ
ᱱᱟᱹᱥᱤᱠᱟᱹ		m	n	ɲ ⟨ny⟩	ŋ ⟨ŋ ~ ng⟩
ᱥᱯᱚᱨᱥᱚ	pulmonic	p	t		k	ʔ ⟨' ~ ʔ⟩
ᱥᱯᱚᱨᱥᱚ	implosive	ɓ ⟨b⟩	ɗ ⟨d⟩	ʄ ⟨j⟩	ɠ ⟨g⟩
ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱡ			s	ʃ ⟨sh⟩		h
ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ	tap		ɾ ⟨r⟩
ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ	trill		r ⟨rr⟩
ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱚ			l
ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ	ᱞᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ	w		j ⟨y⟩
ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ	ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ	wː ⟨wu⟩		jː ⟨yi⟩

ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱤᱢᱯᱞᱳᱥᱤᱵᱷ (implosive) ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (ingressive) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: IlKeekonyokie Maa), ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱤᱢᱯᱞᱳᱥᱤᱵᱷ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱩᱥᱟ ᱢᱟ (Arusha Maa) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ, /p/ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱡ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (voiceless fricative) [ɸ] ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ [ʙ] ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [tʃ] ᱟᱨ [ʃ] ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱚᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (complementary distribution) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ [tʃ] ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ [ʃ] ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱾

ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ

ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱮ (᱙) ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ:

	ᱞᱟᱦᱟ	ᱛᱟᱞᱟ	ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ
ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ	i		u
ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ	ɪ ⟨ɨ⟩		ʊ ⟨ʉ⟩
ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢ	e		o
ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢ	ɛ		ɔ
ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ		a

ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱞ (Vowel harmony)

ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ (advanced tongue root) ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ /a/ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱣᱴᱨᱟᱞ" (neutral) ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱔] ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ (advanced tongue) ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (/i e o u/) ᱟᱨ /a/ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (/ɪ ɛ ʊ ɔ/) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ /a/ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾


ᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ	ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (Phonemes)	ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ	ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ	ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ
ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ	/ i e o u /	/ éɓúl /	ébúl	“ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ”
		/ ōlmōsōrî /	ol-mosorrî	“ᱵᱤᱞᱤ”
		/ ēnkītōʄó /	en-kitojó	“ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ”
ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ	/ ɪ ɛ ʊ ɔ /	/ ɛ́ɓʊ́l /	ɛ́bʉ́l	“ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ”
		/ ɛ̄nkʊ́tʊ́ᱠ /	ɛn-kʉ́tʉ́ᱠ	“ᱢᱚᱪᱟ”
		/ kɪ̄ʊ́tɪ̄ʃɔ̄ /	kɨʉ́tɨshɔ	“ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱩᱵ”
ᱱᱤᱣᱴᱨᱟᱞ (Neutral)	/ a /	/ ātūmōkî /	atumokî	“ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱠ ᱧᱟᱢ”
ᱱᱤᱣᱴᱨᱟᱞ (Neutral)	/ a /	/ ātʊ̄mʊ́ᱠ /	atʉmʉ́ᱠ	“ᱤᱥᱤᱱ (ᱵᱨᱩ)”

ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ

ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ IPA ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ⟨ɛ ɨ ŋ ɔ ʉ⟩ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱰᱟᱭᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ (digraphs) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ /r/ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ⟨rr⟩, /ʃ/ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ⟨sh⟩) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (tone) ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (diacritics) ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (level tones) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ /ā ē ū/ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ⟨a e u⟩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (Tone) ᱩᱫᱩᱜ
	/i/	/ɪ/	/e/	/ɛ/	/a/	/ɔ/	/o/	/ʊ/	/u/
ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ	í	ɨ́	é	ɛ́	á	ɔ́	ó	ʉ́	ú
ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ	i	ɨ	e	ɛ	a	ɔ	o	ʉ	u
ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ	ì	ɨ̀	è	ɛ̀	à	ɔ̀	ò	ʉ̀	ù
ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ	î	ɨ̂	ê	ɛ̂	â	ɔ̂	ô	ʉ̂	û

ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ (Morphosyntax)

ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ–ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ–ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ (verb–subject–object) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (tone) ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ (topicality) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ: [ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ – ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ – ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ] ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ (object) ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ (subject) ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱯᱚᱥᱚᱨᱜᱚ (prepositions) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ (relational nouns) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ (demonstrative) ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ-ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱤᱢ (morphemes) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ (tone patterns) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱠ (case), ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (voice) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (aspect) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ:

ɛ́yɛ́tá

ɛ̀-ɛ́t-á

3P-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ-PFV.SG

ɛmʊtí

ɛn-mʊtí(LH)

DEF.FEM.SG-ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱩ(ACC)

(ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ)

(ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱤᱢ)

"ᱩᱱᱤ (ᱡᱤᱞ) ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾"

ɛyɛ́ta

ɛ̀-ɛ́t-a

3P-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ-IPFV.MID

ɛmʊ́ti

ɛn-mʊ́ti(HL)

DEF.FEM.SG-ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱩ(NOM)

(ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ)

(ᱢᱚᱨᱯᱷᱤᱢ)

"ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ (ᱡᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾"

ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ (Noun classes)

ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ (noun classes) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (feminine), ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (masculine), ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ (place) ᱾ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ-ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ (prefixes) ᱛᱮ ᱩᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ol-/ɔl- ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ e[n]/ɛ[n]-), ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ (demonstratives) ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ɔl-aláshɛ̀ “ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ”; ɛn-kái “ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ”), ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ-ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ol-ŋatúny “ᱠᱩᱞ” ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ e-ŋatúny “ᱠᱩᱞ-ᱜᱩᱱ” ᱥᱮ “lion-ness”) ᱾^[᱕]

ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱤᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ "ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ?" ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ "ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ?" ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱕]

ᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱱᱩᱱ (adjectives) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱝ (pronouns) ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (ᱠᱚᱲᱟ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ 'ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ' (place) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ) ᱾

ᱚᱠᱛᱚ-ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ-ᱢᱩᱰ (Tense-aspect-mood)

ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (Present tense) ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ "ᱤᱧᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫᱼᱟ" ᱥᱮ "ᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ" ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱪᱷᱟᱹᱛ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (Past tense) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱪᱷᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ কোনো ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱖]

ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ

᱑᱙᱐᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱞᱯᱷᱨᱮᱰ ᱠᱞᱟᱣᱩᱰ ᱦᱚᱞᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ The Masai: Their Language and Folklore ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱭᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ, ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ (proverbs), ᱠᱩᱫᱩᱢ (riddles) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ:

"Eata en-gewarie 'n-giyaa." "ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ: ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱾" (#3)
"Eitu-kidol ti-oreren en-gerr sambu." "ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ) ᱾" (#5)
"Ekwenikye 'n-guk in-guruon." "ᱠᱚᱭᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟᱭᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ) ᱾" (#6)
"Etejo ol-ngojine: Mme ake amunyak, keju nemaagol." "ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱩᱵ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ: ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱠᱟᱹᱢ ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ (ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ: ᱤᱧᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱹᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱾" (#20)

ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱠᱩᱫᱩᱢ (riddles) ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ:

"ᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ? ᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" — ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ: ᱠᱩᱸᱵᱽᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱲ (ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱸᱵᱽᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ) ᱾ (#2)
"ᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾" — ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ: ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱾ (#5)
"ᱟᱢ ᱜᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ? ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" — ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ: ᱦᱚᱨ (Road) ᱾ (#8)

ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ

ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱣᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱮᱨᱮᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱳᱣᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱯᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾^[᱗] ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱣᱟᱦᱤᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱢᱟ' ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ-ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ (minority) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱖]

ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱘] ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱱᱟ-ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩᱭᱮᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱗]

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

ᱠᱣᱟᱵᱷᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱥᱳᱱᱡᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱱᱴᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱭᱟᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ
ᱟᱥᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

↑ ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ (Maasai) at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Masai". ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
↑ Payne, Doris L. (2008). "The Maasai (Maa) Language". Retrieved 2 August 2017.
1 2 Payne, Doris (1998). "Maasai gender in typological perspective" (PDF). Studies in African Linguistics. 27 (2): 160–163. doi:10.32473/sal.v27i2.107385. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
1 2 Munke, David (2015). The Maasai Language: an Introduction. Bloomington, IN. pp. 1–15.
1 2 McCabe, T. (Summer 2003). "Sustainability and Livelihood Diversification among the Maasai of Northern Tanzania". Human Organization. 62 (2): 100–111. doi:10.17730/humo.62.2.4rwrt1n3xptg29b8.
↑ Nicholson, N. (2005). "Meeting the Maasai". Journal of Management Inquiry. 14 (3): 255–267. doi:10.1177/1056492605279095.

[e21-1] ᱢᱟᱥᱟᱭ (Maasai) at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Masai". ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[3] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh

[Payne-2008-4] Payne, Doris L. (2008). "The Maasai (Maa) Language". Retrieved 2 August 2017.

[Payne-1998-5] 1 2 Payne, Doris (1998). "Maasai gender in typological perspective" (PDF). Studies in African Linguistics. 27 (2): 160–163. doi:10.32473/sal.v27i2.107385. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2016.

[Munke-2015-6] 1 2 Munke, David (2015). The Maasai Language: an Introduction. Bloomington, IN. pp. 1–15.

[McCabe-2003-7] 1 2 McCabe, T. (Summer 2003). "Sustainability and Livelihood Diversification among the Maasai of Northern Tanzania". Human Organization. 62 (2): 100–111. doi:10.17730/humo.62.2.4rwrt1n3xptg29b8.

[Nicholson-2005-8] Nicholson, N. (2005). "Meeting the Maasai". Journal of Management Inquiry. 14 (3): 255–267. doi:10.1177/1056492605279095.

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