ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ

ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ
ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ
माधवकुमार नेपाल
ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱓᱔ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ
	ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ; ᱒᱕ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ – ᱖ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱑
ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ	ᱨᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱭᱟᱫᱚᱵᱽ
Deputy	ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱪᱪᱷᱫᱟᱨ; ᱥᱩᱡᱟᱛᱟ ᱠᱳᱭᱨᱟᱞᱟ
ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱯᱩᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱞ
ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱚᱞ
ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱰᱤᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ
	ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ; ᱓᱐ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ – ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱕
ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ	ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ
ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ	ᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ
ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱠᱤᱨᱛᱤ ᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟ (᱑᱙᱖᱙)
ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱵᱟᱢ ᱫᱮᱵᱽ ᱜᱚᱣᱛᱟᱢ (᱑᱙᱙᱗)
ᱥᱤ ᱯᱤ ᱮᱱ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱮᱛ
	ᱵᱟᱭᱴᱷᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱤᱡ
	Assumed office ; ᱒᱐᱒᱑
ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ
ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ
	ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ; ᱓᱐ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ – ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱕
ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ	ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ
ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ	ᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ
ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱜᱤᱨᱤᱡᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱳᱭᱨᱟᱞᱟ
ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱱᱤ
ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ
	ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ; ᱓᱐ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ – ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱕
ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ	ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ
ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ	ᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ
ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱜᱤᱨᱤᱡᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱳᱭᱨᱟᱞᱟ
ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱥᱮᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱨ ᱫᱮᱣᱩᱵᱟ
ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ
	ᱵᱟᱭᱴᱷᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱤᱡ
	Assumed office ; ᱒᱒ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒
ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱟᱱᱤᱞ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟ
ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ	ᱨᱟᱣᱛᱟᱦᱟᱴ ᱑
	ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ; ᱢᱮᱭ ᱑᱙᱙᱙ – ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱒
ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱤᱥᱳᱨ ᱥᱤᱝ
ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱝ
ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ	ᱨᱟᱣᱛᱟᱦᱟᱴ ᱑
	ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ; ᱔ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ – ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱒
ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱫᱤᱯᱟᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱩᱭᱠᱮᱞ
ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ	ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱒
ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ
	ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ; ᱒᱘ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ – ᱒᱘ ᱢᱮᱭ ᱒᱐᱑᱒
ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ	ᱢᱟᱱᱳᱱᱤᱛ
	ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ; ᱒᱑ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ – ᱑᱔ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱗
ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱝ
ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ	ᱟᱱᱤᱞ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟ
ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ	ᱨᱟᱣᱛᱟᱦᱟᱴ ᱑
ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ, ᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ
	ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ; ᱒᱖ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ – ᱒᱗ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱙
ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ
ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ	᱖ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱕᱓ (᱗᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ; ᱜᱚᱣᱨ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ
ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱞ	ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ
ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ; ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ	ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ) (᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ); CPN (UML) (until 2018; 2021); ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (᱒᱐᱑᱘-᱒᱐᱒᱑)
ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱷᱲᱟ	ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ
ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ	ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ

ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ (ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ: माधवकुमार नेपाल, ne; ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱖ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱕᱓), ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱒]

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱳᱦᱚᱱ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱮᱠᱭᱮᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱵᱟᱫᱤ-ᱞᱮᱱᱤᱱᱵᱟᱫᱤ) ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱓]

᱑᱘ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱳᱰᱤᱱᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱔] ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱦᱭᱩᱢᱟᱱᱤᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷ (WHD) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ "ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱣᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱕]

ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ

ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟᱫᱮᱵᱤ ᱩᱯᱚᱫᱷᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱚᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾^[᱖]^[᱗] ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩᱵᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱪᱞᱳᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱸᱠᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ, ᱵᱤᱱᱳᱫᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱚᱫᱷᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱩᱯᱚᱫᱷᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱨᱟ, ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ, ᱤᱱᱫᱤᱨᱟ ᱱᱩᱯᱟᱱᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟ ᱯᱳᱠᱷᱨᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾^{[ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]}

ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ

ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ

ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ (᱒᱐᱒᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱣᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱥᱩᱵᱚᱫᱷ', 'ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱞ', 'ᱨᱚᱧᱡᱚᱱ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱵᱤᱵᱮᱠ' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱟᱭᱥᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱚᱣᱟᱫᱤ-ᱞᱮᱱᱤᱱᱣᱟᱫᱤ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱗-᱘ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱴᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱩᱢᱩᱴ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱣᱟᱫᱤ-ᱞᱮᱱᱤᱱᱣᱟᱫᱤ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱭᱩᱨᱳ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱗᱘ ᱨᱮ ANCRCC (ML) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱣᱟᱫᱤ-ᱞᱮᱱᱤᱱᱣᱟᱫᱤ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱴ ᱵᱭᱩᱨᱳ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱟᱞᱴᱤ-ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱠᱨᱮᱥᱤ (᱑᱙᱙᱑-᱒᱐᱐᱖)

ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱔ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱙᱕ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱭᱩᱮᱢᱮᱞ) ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱭᱩᱮᱢᱮᱞ) ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱜᱤᱨᱤᱡᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱳᱭᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱫᱽᱨᱚᱦᱤ ᱢᱟᱣᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱟᱦᱟᱞ ‘ᱯᱨᱚᱪᱚᱸᱰᱚ’ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱣᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱴᱤᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱵᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱦᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾^{[ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]}

ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱪᱞᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱜᱤᱨᱤᱡᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱳᱭᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱜᱭᱟᱱᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱢᱯᱮᱭᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾^{[ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]}

ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ

᱑᱒ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱭᱩᱮᱢᱮᱞ) ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱛ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱥᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱘] ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱒ ᱢᱟᱹᱪᱤ ᱢᱟᱣᱳᱣᱟᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱡᱷᱚᱠᱠᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱩᱵᱮᱫᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱾^[᱙] ᱥᱩᱵᱮᱫᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱰᱤᱰᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾^[᱑᱐] ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱳᱣᱡᱟ ᱫᱮᱵᱮᱱᱫᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱴᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱣᱛᱷᱟᱴ-᱖ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱑] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱒ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱣᱛᱷᱚᱴ ᱑ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱣᱛᱷᱚᱦᱟᱴ ᱑ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱒] ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱒ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱓]

ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱭᱩᱮᱢᱮᱞ) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱢᱟᱣᱳᱣᱟᱫᱤ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱔]

ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ

ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱓᱔ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱟᱱᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱕]

ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱓᱐ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱥᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱖]^[᱑᱗]

ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱭᱩᱮᱢᱮᱞ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ

ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱭᱩᱮᱢᱮᱞ) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱢᱟᱣᱤᱥᱴ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱚᱨ) ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱭᱩᱮᱢᱮᱞ) ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱰ-ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ) ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱪᱮᱭᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱯᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱳᱞᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱔]

ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ

ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱭᱚᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱪᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱱᱟ, ᱥᱚᱣᱨᱟᱵᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱖]^[᱑᱘]

ᱯᱟᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱰ-ᱥᱠᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱥ (᱒᱐᱒᱕)

ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱕ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱯᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱥᱤ,ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ (CIAA) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱞᱤ ᱭᱚᱜᱽᱯᱤᱛ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱫᱷᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱙᱒ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱯᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱙]

ᱥᱤᱟᱭᱤᱮᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱵᱤᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱨᱮᱯᱟᱞᱟᱱᱪᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱡᱟᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱑᱕ ᱨᱚᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱝᱜᱚᱪ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱠᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱩᱯᱭᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱞᱚᱠᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱒᱐]

ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ *ᱫᱟ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ* ᱟᱨ *ᱮᱱᱤ ᱱᱭᱩᱡᱽ* ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱵᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱒᱑]^[᱒᱒]

ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱛᱟᱱᱡᱟᱞᱤ ᱭᱚᱜᱽᱯᱤᱴᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱥᱤᱯᱤᱮᱱ (ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱚᱥᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱒᱓]

ᱱᱳᱴᱥ

↑ This position was vacant from 7 April 1969 until 30 November 1994.
↑ There was no deputy prime minister from 12 September 1995 until 12 March 1997.

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

↑ संघीय संसद सदस्य, २०७४ परिचयात्मक पुस्तिका [Federal Parliament Members 2017 Introduction Booklet] (PDF) (in ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ). Nepal: Federal Parliament Secretariat. 2021. p. 270.
↑ "Nepal parliament elects new PM". Archived from the original on January 31, 2014.
↑ "१५ वर्ष महासचिव बनेका माधव नेपाल १५ वर्षपछि दलको नेता". nepalkhabar (in Nepali). 3 June 2019. Retrieved 2022-01-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ ^᱔.᱐ ^᱔.᱑ "माधव नेपालप्रति ओलीको टिप्पणी : सरकार ढाल्ने, अनि उनैलाई अध्यक्ष बनाउनुपर्ने ?". Online Khabar (in ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 2022-01-21.
↑ "Ex-PM Nepal honored with "Patron of Humanity" award".
↑ ^᱖.᱐ ^᱖.᱑ K.C., Surendra. Aitihasik Dastavej Sangraha - Bhag 2. Kathmandu: Pairavi Prakashan, 2063 B.S. p 460.
↑ "CPN-UML Comrades Apart". Spotlight Nepal Magazine. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
↑ "MK Nepal announces resignation as UML gen secy"^{[permanent dead link]}, Nepalnews, April 12, 2008.
↑ "UML gen secy loses to CPN-M candidate in Kathmandu-2; NWPP takes both constituencies in Bhaktapur" Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱑᱑-᱒᱒ at the Wayback Machine., Nepalnews, April 12, 2008.
↑ "Big Maoist wins could reshape Nepal's politics", The Christian Science Monitor, April 15, 2008.
↑ "MK Nepal loses in Rautahat, too"^{[permanent dead link]}, Nepalnews, April 14, 2008.
↑ "The difficulty of being Madhav Nepal". kathmandupost.com (in English). Retrieved 2022-01-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ "निर्वाचन मतगणनाको परिणाम". result.election.gov.np. Archived from the original on 2021-07-14. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
↑ "UML, Maoist leaders differ on presidential candidate"^{[permanent dead link]}, Nepalnews, June 21, 2008.
↑ "Communist leader elected Nepal PM". BBC. 23 May 2009.
↑ "Nepal PM quits in live TV address". BBC News. June 30, 2010.
↑ "Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal Resigns". Nepal News. 1 July 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
↑ "NCP leader Nepal denies any link with Christianity". Republica.
↑ "Former PM Madhav Nepal, then ministers charged in Patanjali land scam". The Kathmandu Post. 2025-06-05. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
↑ "Ex-PM Madhav Nepal among 93 booked in 815-ropani Patanjali land scam". Khoj Samachar English. 2025-06-05. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
↑ "Patanjali land 'scam': Graft case filed against former Nepal PM Madhav Nepal". The Indian Express. 2025-06-06. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
↑ "Nepal's ex-PM Madhav Kumar Nepal booked in land scam case". ANI News. 2025-06-06. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
↑ "Unified Socialist terms corruption charges against party chair Nepal 'political vendetta'". The Annapurna Express. 2025-06-06. Retrieved 2025-06-11.

ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ

Busky, Donald F (2002). Communism in History and Theory. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-97733-1
Hutt, Michael (2004). Himalayan "People's War". C. Hurst & Co Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-722-X

ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

Official website of CPN (US)^{[permanent dead link]}

ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ
ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱚᱫᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤ	ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱞ.) ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱮᱛ ᱑᱙᱙᱓–᱒᱐᱐᱘	ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱚᱞ
ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥ
ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱞ	ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱐᱙–᱒᱐᱑᱑	ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱚᱞ

[1] This position was vacant from 7 April 1969 until 30 November 1994.

[2] There was no deputy prime minister from 12 September 1995 until 12 March 1997.

[3] संघीय संसद सदस्य, २०७४ परिचयात्मक पुस्तिका [Federal Parliament Members 2017 Introduction Booklet] (PDF) (in ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ). Nepal: Federal Parliament Secretariat. 2021. p. 270.

[4] "Nepal parliament elects new PM". Archived from the original on January 31, 2014.

[5] "१५ वर्ष महासचिव बनेका माधव नेपाल १५ वर्षपछि दलको नेता". nepalkhabar (in Nepali). 3 June 2019. Retrieved 2022-01-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[onlinekhabar.com-6] ᱔.᱐ ^᱔.᱑ "माधव नेपालप्रति ओलीको टिप्पणी : सरकार ढाल्ने, अनि उनैलाई अध्यक्ष बनाउनुपर्ने ?". Online Khabar (in ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 2022-01-21.

[7] "Ex-PM Nepal honored with "Patron of Humanity" award".

[surendra-8] ᱖.᱐ ^᱖.᱑ K.C., Surendra. Aitihasik Dastavej Sangraha - Bhag 2. Kathmandu: Pairavi Prakashan, 2063 B.S. p 460.

[9] "CPN-UML Comrades Apart". Spotlight Nepal Magazine. Retrieved 2017-12-13.

[10] "MK Nepal announces resignation as UML gen secy"^{[permanent dead link]}, Nepalnews, April 12, 2008.

[11] "UML gen secy loses to CPN-M candidate in Kathmandu-2; NWPP takes both constituencies in Bhaktapur" Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱑᱑-᱒᱒ at the Wayback Machine., Nepalnews, April 12, 2008.

[12] "Big Maoist wins could reshape Nepal's politics", The Christian Science Monitor, April 15, 2008.

[13] "MK Nepal loses in Rautahat, too"^{[permanent dead link]}, Nepalnews, April 14, 2008.

[14] "The difficulty of being Madhav Nepal". kathmandupost.com (in English). Retrieved 2022-01-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[15] "निर्वाचन मतगणनाको परिणाम". result.election.gov.np. Archived from the original on 2021-07-14. Retrieved 2022-01-30.

[16] "UML, Maoist leaders differ on presidential candidate"^{[permanent dead link]}, Nepalnews, June 21, 2008.

[17] "Communist leader elected Nepal PM". BBC. 23 May 2009.

[18] "Nepal PM quits in live TV address". BBC News. June 30, 2010.

[19] "Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal Resigns". Nepal News. 1 July 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}

[20] "NCP leader Nepal denies any link with Christianity". Republica.

[21] "Former PM Madhav Nepal, then ministers charged in Patanjali land scam". The Kathmandu Post. 2025-06-05. Retrieved 2025-06-11.

[22] "Ex-PM Madhav Nepal among 93 booked in 815-ropani Patanjali land scam". Khoj Samachar English. 2025-06-05. Retrieved 2025-06-11.

[23] "Patanjali land 'scam': Graft case filed against former Nepal PM Madhav Nepal". The Indian Express. 2025-06-06. Retrieved 2025-06-11.

[24] "Nepal's ex-PM Madhav Kumar Nepal booked in land scam case". ANI News. 2025-06-06. Retrieved 2025-06-11.

[25] "Unified Socialist terms corruption charges against party chair Nepal 'political vendetta'". The Annapurna Express. 2025-06-06. Retrieved 2025-06-11.

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