ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ
| ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ/ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ |
| Location | ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ, ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ |
ᱢᱩᱪᱤᱲᱤ (ta, ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ: Muciṟi; ml), ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱤᱨᱤ, ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱨᱮᱠᱳ-ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ/Mouziris[᱑], ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ[᱒][᱓] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱔][᱕] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚ) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱨᱮᱠᱳ-ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱯᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱤᱱᱤ ᱫᱟ ᱮᱞᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾[᱖][᱗][᱔] ᱒-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱯᱤᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱞᱮᱠᱡᱟᱱᱰᱨᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱜᱳ ᱞᱳᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱫᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱘] ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱑᱓᱔᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ "ᱵᱟᱱ" ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾[᱙][᱑᱐] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱢᱩᱭᱤᱨᱤᱠᱳᱰ" (ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱑᱑][᱑᱒]
ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱪᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ (ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾[᱖] ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱷᱩᱨ (ᱮᱨᱱᱟᱠᱩᱞᱟᱢ) ᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾[᱔][᱑᱓]
ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ, ᱢᱩᱪᱤᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱴᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱤᱲᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱᱩᱨᱩ (ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱑᱔᱙, ᱮᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱛᱛᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱟᱱᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ) , ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱱᱟᱱᱩᱨᱩ (ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱓᱔᱓, ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ), ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱤᱛᱨᱩᱯᱟᱛᱷᱩ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱠᱟᱵᱽᱭᱚ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱪᱤᱯᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ,[᱑᱔][᱑᱕] ᱟᱨ ᱑᱑-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱭᱤᱲᱤᱠᱠᱳᱰᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱴᱷᱟᱶ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱸᱜᱟᱞᱳᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾[᱑᱖] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱨᱤᱥᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱩᱠ (ᱥᱟᱵᱽᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ) ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ;[᱑᱗] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱪᱳᱞᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑᱘]
ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱒᱐᱐᱖-᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ) ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱰᱤᱯᱟᱨᱴᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱴᱳᱱᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑᱙] ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱪᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾[᱒᱐]
ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱨᱮᱠᱳ-ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱒᱑][᱒᱒] ᱯᱞᱤᱱᱤ ᱫᱟ ᱮᱞᱰᱟᱨ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ "ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱮᱢᱯᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱢ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾[᱒᱓] ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱳᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱕-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ AD ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ—ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱾[ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]
ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱚᱯᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱛᱷᱨᱚᱱ); ᱥᱮᱢᱤ-ᱯᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱨᱤᱞ); ᱢᱚᱛᱤ, ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱹ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢ; ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ; ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱤᱞᱠ; ᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱯᱟᱭᱤᱠᱱᱟᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱵᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ; ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱰᱳᱴ; ᱯᱟᱛᱞᱟ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ; ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ; ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱚᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱞᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱰ, ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ, ᱴᱤᱱ, ᱞᱮᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱨᱟᱞ; ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱸᱪ; ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ; ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱯᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾[᱒᱔][᱒᱕]
ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ BC ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱕᱐ AD ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱᱩᱨᱩ—ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱴᱩᱴᱴᱳᱠᱟᱭ—ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱮᱞ ᱑᱔᱙.᱗-᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ:[᱒᱖]
... ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ, ᱭᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ [ᱟᱭᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ] ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱩᱞᱞᱤ [ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ] ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱯᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱟ—ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱤᱲᱤ, ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱱᱟᱱᱩᱨᱩ, ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾[᱒᱗][᱒᱘] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ:[᱒᱙]
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤᱭᱟ—ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱟ, ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ-ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱴᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱱ (ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ) ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱽᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱦᱮᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱤᱲᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱜᱟᱭ, ᱤᱧ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱱᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱤᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ:[᱒᱙]
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱨ-ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱛᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱤᱲᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱰᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱢᱩᱪᱤᱲᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾
ᱮᱨᱤᱛᱷᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱯᱞᱟᱥ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]᱑-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ AD ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱮᱨᱤᱛᱷᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱯᱞᱟᱥ—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱜᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ—ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ:[᱓᱐][᱓᱑]
... ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱭᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱞᱤᱢᱤᱨᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱞᱥᱤᱱᱰᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱟᱭᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱳᱵᱳᱛᱷᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ, ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱜᱳ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱴᱟᱭᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱴᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱴᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟ .... ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱨᱚᱯᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱠᱚᱴᱴᱳᱱᱟᱨᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱾
ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱯᱞᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱺᱜᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱦᱤᱨ-ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱜᱳ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱩᱱ (lagoon) ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾[᱒᱙]
ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱯᱞᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱨᱜᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾[᱒᱙]
ᱯᱞᱤᱱᱤ ᱫᱟ ᱮᱞᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱯᱞᱤᱱᱤ ᱫᱟ ᱮᱞᱰᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ AD ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾[᱓᱒] ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ, ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱓᱓]
ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱳᱥᱮᱞᱤᱥ (ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱯᱯᱟᱞᱟᱥ (ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱥᱩᱱ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱦᱚᱭᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ-ᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱬᱜᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱳᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱜᱳ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱫᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱤᱧ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱧ ᱚᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱵᱳᱛᱷᱨᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾
ᱴᱚᱞᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱴᱚᱞᱮᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱮᱢᱯᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱭᱩᱰᱳᱥᱴᱳᱢᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾[᱓᱔] ᱥᱤᱭᱩᱰᱳᱥᱴᱳᱢᱟᱥ (ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱮᱲᱮ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ") ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱯᱮᱯᱤᱨᱟᱥ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]᱒-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ AD ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱮᱯᱤᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱜᱳ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ, ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞᱮᱠᱡᱟᱱᱰᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱱᱟᱱᱥᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱓᱕] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱢᱟᱯᱳᱞᱳᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨᱥ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱨᱜᱳ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱠᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱥᱴ, ᱩᱠᱤᱞ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱓᱖][᱓᱗]
ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱛᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]᱒-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ AD ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ-ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ, ᱤᱞᱟᱝᱜᱳ ᱟᱰᱤᱜᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱠᱟᱵᱽᱭᱚ ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱛᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢ (ᱯᱟᱸᱭᱡᱚᱬ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ), ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱜᱳᱞᱢᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱮᱠᱡᱳᱴᱤᱠ" ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱓᱘][᱓᱙][᱔᱐]
ᱥᱤᱞᱟᱯᱯᱟᱛᱤᱠᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱭ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ:[᱔᱐]
ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ-ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱤᱢᱤᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ, ᱰᱷᱮᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱟᱭᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱤᱜᱚᱞᱣᱩᱰ, ᱥᱤᱞᱠ, ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ, ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱯᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱫᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞᱟ ᱾
ᱴᱟᱵᱩᱞᱟ ᱯᱮᱣᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱴᱟᱵᱩᱞᱟ ᱯᱮᱣᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ (ᱯᱮᱣᱴᱤᱝᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱯ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ-ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱒-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ AD ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱠᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱢᱯᱞ(ᱩᱢ) ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱨᱟᱴ, ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴᱟᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱔᱑] ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱳᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱺᱜᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱒᱙] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱔᱒]
ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱑᱓᱔᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ: ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ "ᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱴᱴᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱟᱱᱟᱰ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱳᱪᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱯ, ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱯᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ—ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ" ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱤᱴᱴᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱒᱐᱐-᱓᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ, ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱟᱨ ᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱖.᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱟ: "ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱔-᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾"[᱑᱘]
ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]᱑᱙᱔᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱓-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱳᱰᱩᱝᱜᱟᱞᱞᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱢᱵᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱮᱱ ᱑᱓-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱔᱓]
ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱘᱓ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱙.᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱞᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱜᱮᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, KCHR ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱔᱔][᱔᱕][᱔᱖][᱔᱗][᱔᱘] ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱒᱐᱐᱗-᱒᱐᱑᱔) ᱾[᱔᱙]
ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ KCHR ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ—ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱟᱨ. ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ, ᱠᱮ. ᱮᱱ. ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱠᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢ. ᱡᱤ. ᱮᱥ. ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾[᱕᱐][᱔᱑][᱔᱘] ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱠᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ ᱾[᱕᱑]
ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ KCHR ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,[᱕᱒] [᱕᱓]
ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱐-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BC ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱑-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BC ᱟᱨ ᱔-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ AD ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱕᱔] ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢᱤᱠᱥ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢᱯᱷᱳᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞᱞᱟᱴᱟ; ᱞᱮᱯᱤᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱢᱤ-ᱯᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ; ᱠᱟᱸᱪ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ; ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ; ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱮᱞᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱨᱟ-ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ; ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ; ᱡᱤᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ, ᱡᱩᱞᱳᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳᱴᱟᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚ; ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ, ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱳᱞᱟᱨᱰ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱕᱓][᱒᱔][᱕᱕]
- ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱴᱮᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ: (᱑᱐᱐ BC ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐᱐ AD) ᱮᱢᱯᱷᱳᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱨᱟ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞᱞᱟᱴᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ; ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱸᱪ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ; ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱢᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴᱟᱨ ᱾
- ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱯᱳᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ: (᱓᱐᱐ BC ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐᱐ AD) ᱴᱟᱨᱠᱳᱭᱤᱥ ᱜᱽᱞᱮᱡᱽᱰ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ; ᱴᱚᱨᱯᱮᱰᱳᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ (ᱵᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱦᱮᱱᱰᱮᱞ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱯᱷᱳᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ); ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱᱠᱤᱱᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱾
- ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ: (᱑᱖᱐᱐ AD ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱐᱐ AD) ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱞ ᱯᱳᱨᱥᱮᱞᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱾
- ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ/ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ: (᱑᱐᱐᱐ BC ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ AD) ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ; ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱳᱞᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱳᱞᱮᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱜᱼᱟ); ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ; ᱠᱟᱸᱪ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ; ᱥᱮᱢᱤ-ᱯᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ, ᱤᱱᱞᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱜᱽᱞᱤᱭᱳ (ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱫᱟᱹᱢ); ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱭᱳ ᱵᱽᱞᱮᱱᱠᱥ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱳᱨᱥᱮᱞᱤᱱ, ᱠᱟᱸᱪ, ᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱭᱳ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ); ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ; ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ; ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ; ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱾
- ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ: (᱑᱐᱐ BC ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐᱐ AD) ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ; ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞᱥ; ᱨᱤᱝ-ᱠᱩᱸᱭ (ᱨᱤᱝ-ᱠᱩᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱸᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱮ ᱰᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ); ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱨ; ᱴᱚᱭᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ; ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ; ᱠᱚᱭᱮᱱ; ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱞᱟᱴ; ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ; ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱾
- ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ: (᱑᱐０ BC ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔００ AD ) ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ, ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ, ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱰ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞᱟᱨᱡᱤ; ᱠᱨᱩᱥᱤᱵᱚᱞᱥ; ᱥᱞᱮᱜᱽ; ᱪᱩᱞᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ; ᱥᱮᱢᱤ-ᱯᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱯᱤᱰᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ; ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱧ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱮᱫ ᱥᱯᱤᱱᱰᱮᱞ ᱦᱳᱨᱞᱥ ᱾
- ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ: (᱑᱐᱐ BC ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐᱐ AD ) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ; ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱢ; ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳᱞᱟᱨᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱾
᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱳᱞᱟᱨᱰ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱢᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱴᱳᱠᱟᱨᱯᱟᱥ ᱦᱤᱨᱥᱩᱴᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱕᱖] ᱵᱳᱞᱟᱨᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱕᱗] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾
ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ-ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ—ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱠᱩᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱒-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ AD ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟ-ᱢᱟ-ᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱒-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱭᱱᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾[᱕᱘]
ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱜᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱢᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ DNA ᱮᱱᱟᱞᱟᱭᱥᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱕᱙] ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱣᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱸᱫᱮᱦ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱖᱐]
ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱨᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱴᱴᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ KCHR ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱖᱑] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱴᱴᱟᱯᱯᱩᱨᱟᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱖-ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ AD ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱖᱒]
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]- ↑ Müller, Karl, ed. (1882). "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea". Geographi Graeci: Minores. Vol. 1. Paris: Firmin-Didot Et Sociis. pp. 53–54.
- ↑ "Muziris Heritage Project | Port | UNESCO |". muziris Project (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 2026-08-10.
- ↑ "The Lost City Of Muziris In Kerala Is Coming Back To Life". Travel and Leisure Asia | India (in Indian English). 2026-03-09. Retrieved 2026-08-10.
- 1 2 3 Singh, Upinder (2024) [2008]. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th Century (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Pearson India. pp. 1072 and 1115-16. ISBN 978-93-570-5618-2.
- ↑ Menon, A. Sreedhara (2022) [1967]. A Survey of Kerala History. Kottayam: DC Books. pp. 61–63.
- 1 2 Thapar, Romila (2003) [2002]. The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (PDF). Penguin Books. pp. 241–42.
- ↑ Menon, A. Sreedhara (2022) [1967]. A Survey of Kerala History. Kottayam: DC Books. pp. 61–63.
- ↑ Singh, Upinder (2024) [2008]. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th Century (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Pearson India. pp. 1072 and 1103. ISBN 978-93-570-5618-2.
- ↑ Menon, A. Sreedhara (2022) [1967]. A Survey of Kerala History. Kottayam: DC Books. pp. 61–63.
- ↑ Veluthat, Kesavan (2009). "A Capital City as a Sacred Centre". The Early Medieval in South India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 244 and 248.
- ↑ Menon, A. Sreedhara (1967). A Survey of Kerala History. Kerala: Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society. pp. 58–59.
- ↑ De Romanis, Federico (2020). The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus. Oxford University Press. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-19-884234-7.
- ↑ De Romanis, Federico (2020). The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-19-884234-7.
- ↑ "Muziris heritage project - history". Kerala Tourism.
- ↑ Gantzer, Hugh & Colleen (2 December 2010). "Muziris: Bustling heart of the Malabar spice coast". The Economic Times.
- ↑ J. Sturrock (1894). Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I). Madras Government Press.
- ↑ Romila Thapar. There is no mention of trade via sea-routes or of any ports during the Sangam Era. It was the Vikings who created the first ships that could cross a sea, let alone an ocean. The Scandinavians used their ships to cross the sea and reach nearby countries in Europe in the early 12th century. The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. p. 46, Penguin Books India, 2003
- 1 2 Krishnakumar, P. "Muziris, at last?". www.frontline.in Frontline, 10–23 April 2010. Web.
- ↑ Nair, C. Gouridasan (2009). "Pattanam Richest Indo-Roman Site on Indian Ocean Rim". The Hindu (in Indian English).
- ↑ "Expert nails false propaganda on Muziris". newindianexpress.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
- ↑ Balfour, Edward, ed. (1871) "Hippalus". Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Madras: The Asylum, the Scottish and Foster Presses, pp. 548-85.
- ↑ "Search for India's Ancient City11 June 2006". BBC News. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
- ↑ Perur, Srinath (10 August 2016). "Lost cities #3 – Muziris: Did Black Pepper Cause the Demise of India's Ancient Port?". The Guardian.
- 1 2 Steven E. Sidebotham. Berenike and the Ancient Maritime Spice Route, pp 191. University of California Press 2011
- ↑ George Gheverghese Joseph (2009). A Passage to Infinity. New Delhi: SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 13. ISBN 978-81-321-0168-0.
- ↑ Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32919-1.
- ↑ Peter Francis. Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present, p. 120 University of Hawaii Press, 1 January 2002
- ↑ Menachery, George; Azhikode-Kodungallur (1987). Kodungallur City of St. Thomas.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Raoul McLaughlin. Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China. pp 48-50, Continuum (2010)
- ↑ "The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea". depts.washington.edu. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ↑ Martin, K. a; Anandan, S.; Martin, K. a; Anandan, S. (21 January 2012). "Re-enact Muziris voyages, KHA tells Navy". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 April 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.
- ↑ "Philemon Holland's Pliny". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ↑ Pliny the Elder, Natural History, vi.(26).104.
- ↑ Peter Francis. Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present, p. 119 University of Hawaii Press, 2002
- ↑ Romila Thapar. The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books India, 2003
- ↑ Raoul McLaughlin. Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China. p. 40, Continuum (2010)
- ↑ For the full text in Greek and its translation, see http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1990/084pdf/084195.pdf
- ↑ Madhukar, Jayanthi (2016-12-03). "Malayala panorama". The Hindu (in Indian English). ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
- ↑ Muthiah, S. (2017-04-24). "The ancient ports of India". The Hindu (in Indian English). ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
- 1 2 McLaughlin, Raoul (2014-09-11). The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean: The Ancient World Economy and the Kingdoms of Africa, Arabia and India (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473840959.
- 1 2 "Navigation News - Frontline". FRONTLINE. 2010-04-01. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ↑ Gantzer, Hugh & Colleen (2 December 2010). "Muziris: Bustling heart of the Malabar spice coast during the Roman rule". The Economic Times – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.
- ↑ Srivathsan, A. "In search of Muziris". The Hindu [Madras]. 2 May 2010. Web.
- ↑ "Search for India's ancient city". BBC News. 2006-06-11. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
- ↑ Govind, M. Harish (23 March 2004). "Archaeologists stumble upon Muziris". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
- ↑ "Hunting for Muziris". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2004-03-28. Archived from the original on 2004-05-27.
- ↑ "Excavations highlight Malabar maritime heritage". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2007-04-01. Archived from the original on 2008-03-06.
- 1 2 Rajagopal, Shyama; Surendranath, Nidhi (30 August 2013). "Archaeology Dept. lumbering under shortage of manpower". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ↑ Srivathsan, A. (22 May 2013). "Pattanam antiquity authenticated by radiocarbon dating". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ↑ "Archaeologist calls for excavations at Kodungalloor". The Hindu [Madras]. 5 August 2011. Web. Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱓-᱑᱒-᱐᱓ at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Kerala historians at loggerheads over archaeological findings at Pattanam", Kochi, 28 May 2014 The Hindu
- ↑ S. Anandan, "Was Pattanam an urban trade centre?" 28 May 2014 The Hindu
- 1 2 "KCHR Pattanam Seventh Season Handbook" (PDF). keralahistory.ac.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ↑ " Oxford University to join Pattanam excavations" Thiruvananthapuram, 25 December 2013 The Hindu
- ↑ "Excavations highlight Malabar maritime heritage". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 1 April 2007. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008.
- ↑ KCHR reports 2007. P. J. Cherian et al.
- ↑ Chambers, W. 1875. Chambers's Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. London. p. 513.
- ↑ Subramanian, T. S. (2011-03-14). "Tamil-Brahmi script Found at Pattanam in Kerala". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2026-08-14.
- ↑ "Ancient DNA Research Confirms West Eurasian Genetic Imprints in Pattanam". Mathrubhumi. Hyderabad. 29 April 2023.
- ↑ "One or Two DNA Samples Will Not Give Us Entire Idea: ASI on DNA Research Showing Eurasian Imprints in Kerala". ThePrint/ANI. Hyderabad. 29 April 2023.
- ↑ "Muziris: Introduction". Kerala Tourism. Government of Kerala.
- ↑ "Exhibition on Kottappuram Fort Excavations". The Hindu. Kerala. 2016.
ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ] |
ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱢᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛᱫᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾. |
- Shajan, K. P.; Tomber, R.; Selvakumar, V.; Cherian, P. J. (2004). "Locating the Ancient Port of Muziris: Fresh Findings from Pattanam". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 17: 312–320. doi:10.1017/S1047759400008278. ISSN 1047-7594.
- Selvakumar, V. (2017). "Ancient Ports of Kerala: An Overview". In Mathew, K. S. (ed.). Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade. Routledge: Taylor & Francis. pp. 289–90. ISBN 978-1-138-23480-2.
- Gurukkal, Rajan; Whittaker, Dick (2001). "In Search of Muziris". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 14: 348–349. doi:10.1017/S1047759400019978. ISSN 1047-7594.
- Romanis, Federico De (2020). The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198842347.
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