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ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ

ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ

ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ
ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ
ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ edit
Kingdom:ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱟᱭ
Clade:ᱮᱧᱡᱤᱭᱚᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢᱥ
Clade:ᱮᱣᱰᱤᱠᱚᱴᱥ
Clade:ᱟᱥᱴᱮᱨᱤᱰᱥ
Order:ᱞᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱞᱥ
Family:ᱞᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ
Genus:ᱴᱮᱠᱴᱚᱱᱟ
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ: T. grandis
ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ
Tectona grandis
ᱢᱤᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱠᱚ[᱒]
  • Jatus grandis (L.f.) Kuntze
  • Tectona grandis f. abludens Koord. & Valeton
  • Tectona grandis f. canescens Moldenke
  • Tectona grandis f. pilosula Moldenke
  • Tectona grandis f. punctata Moldenke
  • Tectona grandis f. tomentella Moldenke
  • Tectona theca Lour.

ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱥᱮᱭᱟᱭ (Lamiaceae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱼᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱸᱡᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱪᱟᱨ, ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱯᱨᱳᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ, ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱮᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱓] ᱢᱳᱞᱮᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱾[᱔][᱕]

ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 40 m (131 ft) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱚᱡᱼᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱠᱟᱨᱼᱞᱮᱠᱟ, 15–45 cm (5.9–17.7 in) ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ 8–23 cm (3.1–9.1 in) ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱷᱤᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾[᱖]

ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ 25–40 cm (10–16 in) ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ 30 cm (12 in) ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱸᱡᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒.᱕–᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱠᱷᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ; ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑.᱒–᱑.᱘ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾[᱖] ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱟᱱᱰᱨᱟᱥ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ (pollen) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱗] ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩᱼᱵᱤᱸᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱘] ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱶᱟᱨ (bee) ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱟᱴᱤᱱᱱᱟ (Ceratina) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱾[᱗]

ᱠᱟᱴ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱝ (rings) ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱨᱚᱥ (porous) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱽ (moisture) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ: ᱑᱕% ᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ/ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ᱓ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾[᱙] ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱱᱟᱼᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝᱼᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑᱐] ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱑᱑]

ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱥᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱘᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱭᱚᱝᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴᱚᱢ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾[᱑᱒] ᱑᱙᱗᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱮᱨᱚᱞᱰ ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱨᱰᱮᱝᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱛᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤᱭᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱳᱞᱰᱮᱝᱠᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱱᱟᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: ᱾ ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱮᱥᱠᱮᱱᱥ (T. grandis f. canescens) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱯᱤᱞᱳᱥᱩᱞᱟ (T. grandis f. pilosula) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱯᱳᱸᱠᱴᱚᱴᱟ (T. grandis f. punctata) ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱴᱤᱹ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱱᱰᱤᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱹ ᱴᱚᱢᱮᱱᱴᱮᱞᱟ (T. grandis f. tomentella) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱑᱓]

ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱴᱤᱠ (teak) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'teca' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 'thekku' ᱛᱷᱮᱠᱠᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ 'tekku', ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ 'teku', ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ 'tegu' ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱖᱙᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑᱔]

ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱠᱴᱚᱱᱟ (Tectona) ᱜᱟᱱᱟᱝ (genus) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ, ᱴᱤᱹ ᱦᱟᱢᱤᱞᱴᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ (T. hamiltoniana) ᱟᱨ ᱴᱤᱹ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱱᱮᱥᱤᱥ (T. philippinensis) ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱑᱕] ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱠᱚᱸᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱞᱟᱣᱳᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱖][᱗]

ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ 500 mm (20 in) ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ 5,000 mm (200 in) ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱫᱽ (moist) ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ 1,250–1,650 mm (49–65 in) ᱫᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱓ᱼ᱕ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑᱖]

ᱪᱟᱥ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ

ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱤᱥ (varnish) ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ (erosion) ᱫᱚᱨ, ᱢᱟᱯ (dimensional stability) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱵᱷᱤ (UV) ᱛᱟᱹᱯᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱑᱗]

ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱦᱩᱴᱟᱱᱤ (Perum Perhutani) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱞᱟᱢᱵᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱑᱘]

ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱩᱨᱞᱚᱵᱷ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱴᱨᱚᱯᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱴᱮᱱᱮᱵᱩᱞ (sustainable) ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱴᱮᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥᱤᱯ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ (FSC) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱴᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱴ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑᱙]

ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱒᱐]

ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱞᱟᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱭᱮᱨᱟ (Hyblaea puera), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 'ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱯᱷᱳᱞᱤᱭᱮᱴᱚᱨ' (Teak defoliator) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ, ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱴᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱰᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾[᱒᱑]

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
  1. ↑ Gua, B.; Pedersen, A.; Barstow, M. (2022). "Tectona grandis". 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T62019830A62019832.en. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ "Tectona grandis L.f." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  3. ↑ [http:// East By South East http:// East By South East]. Retrieved 20 September 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ Verhaegen, D.; Fofana, Inza Jesus; Logossa, Zénor A; Ofori, Daniel (2010). "What is the genetic origin of teak (Tectona grandis L.) introduced in Africa and in Indonesia?" (PDF). Tree Genetics & Genomes. 6 (5): 717–733. doi:10.1007/s11295-010-0286-x. S2CID 11220716.
  5. ↑ Vaishnaw, Vivek; Mohammad, Naseer; Wali, Syed Arif; Kumar, Randhir; Tripathi, Shashi Bhushan; Negi, Madan Singh; Ansari, Shamim Akhtar (2015). "AFLP markers for analysis of genetic diversity and structure of teak (Tectona grandis) in India". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 45 (3): 297–306. Bibcode:2015CaJFR..45..297V. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2014-0279.
  6. 1 2 3 Tectona grandis. Flora of China 17: 16. Accessed online: 17 December 2010.
  7. 1 2 3 Tangmitcharoen, S. and J. N. Owens. 1996. Floral biology, pollination, pistil receptivity, and pollen tube growth of teak (Tectona grandis Linn f.). Annals of Botany, 79(3): 227–241.
  8. ↑ Bryndum, K. and T. Hedegart. 1969. Pollination of teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.). Silv. Genet. 18: 77–80.
  9. ↑ Porter, Brian (2001). Carpentry and Joinery. Vol. 1 (Third ed.). Butterworth. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-138-16816-9.
  10. ↑ Yardley, Kevin. "About Teak Wood". DiamondTropicalHardwoods.com. Diamond Tropical Hardwoods. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  11. ↑ Hasluck, Paul N (1987). The Handyman's Guide: Essential Woodworking Tools and Techniques. New York: Skyhorse. pp. 174–5. ISBN 978-1-60239-173-4.
  12. ↑ "Tectona grandis". International Plant Names Index (IPNI) (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  13. ↑ Moldenke, H. N. 1975. Notes on new and noteworthy plants. LXXVII. Phytologia, 31: 28.
  14. ↑ "Teak". Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2025. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  15. ↑ Tewari, D. N. 1992. A Monograph on Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.). International Book Distributors.
  16. ↑ Kaosa-ard, A. 1981. Teak its natural distribution and related factors. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 29: 55–74.
  17. ↑ Williams, R. Sam; Miller, Regis (2001). "Characteristics of Ten Tropical Hardwoods from Certified Forests in Bolivia" (PDF). Wood and Fiber Science. 33 (4): 618–626.
  18. ↑ KRFI.org. "Teak Museum: Nilambur". Web Archive. Archived from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  19. ↑ "Is all well in the teak forests of South Sudan? – By Aly Verjee". 14 March 2013.
  20. ↑ Central American Timber Fund. "Investing in Teak: The Market". Central American Timber Fund. Retrieved 20 September 2015.[permanent dead link]
  21. ↑ Herbison-Evans, Don (2007-09-06). "Hyblaea puera". University of Technology, Sydney. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-03-12.

ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
"https://sat.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ&oldid=191179" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ