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ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ

ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ
ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ
ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ
ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚvarious
ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤᱡHenry Sweet
ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ
19th century
ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ
Egyptian Hieroglyphics
  • Proto-Sinaitic script
    • Phoenician alphabet
      • Greek alphabet
        • Latin script
          • Lepsius Standard Alphabet
            • Palaeotype alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet
              • ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ
ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡ.ᱟ.ᱪ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱥᱮᱫ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ, ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱢ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱡ.ᱟ.ᱪ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱜᱚᱲᱚ:ᱡ.ᱟ.ᱪ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾

ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ, ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱥᱣᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱚᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱴᱟᱭᱯᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱩᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱨᱚᱰ ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱳ ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱪᱨᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱨᱚᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ; ᱵᱨᱚᱰ ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱩᱰᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ "ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ" ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ "ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱝ" ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:

If the beginner has once learnt to pronounce a, e, i, o, u, as in glass, bet, bit, not, dull, he simply has to remember that long vowels are doubled, as in biit—"beat", and fuul—"fool", and diphthongs formed by the juxtaposition of their elements, as in boi—"boy" and hai—"high" [...]

ᱥᱣᱤᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

There is, however, one simple method of forming new letters without casting new types, which is very often convenient. This is by turning the letters, thus - ə, ɔ. These new letters are perfectly distinct in shape, and are easily written. The ə was first employed by Schmeller to denote the final e-sound in the German gabe, &c. Mr. Ellis, in his 'Palæotype,' uses it to denote the allied English sound in but.

— Henry Sweet, A Handbook of Phonetics, 1877, p. 175

IPA ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ⟨ɔ⟩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱨᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱮᱝᱜᱽᱞᱚ-ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱮᱥ ⟨æ⟩, ᱮᱛᱷ ⟨ð⟩ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱨ ⟨þ⟩ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ IPA ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨ" ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ (1892: 38).

Lab. Lab-D. Dent. Alv. Palv. Pal. Velar Labv. Phar. Glot.
Nasal mℎ · m nℎ · n ñℎ · ñ ŋℎ · ŋ
Plosive p · b t · d c · ɟ k · g (ʼ)?
Fric./approxt. ϕ · β f · v þ · ð s · z ʃ · ʒ ç · j x · ᵹ ʍ · w ɹℎ · ɹ h · 
Lateral lℎ · l λℎ · λ ꞁℎ · ꞁ
Rhotic rℎ · r

⟨ñ ᵹ ɹ λ ꞁ þ⟩ were eventually replaced with ⟨ɲ ɣ ʕ ʎ ʟ θ⟩ in the IPA.[᱑] Apart from Sweet's use of italic ℎ for voicelessness, the rest of the alphabet continues intact in the modern IPA.

In "wide" vowels, the tongue is described as relaxed and flattened; in "narrow", it is tense and more convex. This corresponds to descriptions of vowels as lax and tense. Lax vowels are indicated by italic type. In the case of the mid back unrounded vowel ⟨a⟩, the description of its place of articulation does not accord well with some of the words given as examples. Sweet described vowels as narrowed with the tongue raised as in high vowels, but the jaw open as in low vowels. This conflicts with the presentation of the IPA, in which high and close are synonymous, as are low and open. Other than the back unrounded vowels and the value of ⟨ə⟩ for IPA [ø] (but also for English bird, in broad notation), Sweet's notation is essentially that of the IPA.

Tense vowels
(italicize for lax vowels)
Front Central Back
High i · y ï · ü ʌ · u
Mid e · ə ë · ö a[᱒]· o
Low æ · œ ä · ɔ̈ ɐ · ɔ

Italic a takes its traditional shape, which would later be made distinct in the IPA. That is, italic a was ⟨ɑ⟩, and italic ɐ, ⟨ɒ⟩. Long vowels are written double. Nasal vowels with an italic nasal consonant letter, such as ⟨a𝑛⟩ or (for French) ⟨aŋ⟩.

These are defined by Sweet as:

⟨i⟩: French si, ⟨e⟩: German See, Scots say, ⟨æ⟩: Swedish lära
⟨y⟩: French lune, ⟨ə⟩: French peu, ⟨œ⟩: Swedish för
⟨ï⟩: Welsh un, ⟨ë⟩: German Gabe, ⟨ä⟩: English sir
⟨ü⟩: Norwegian hus, ...
⟨ʌ⟩: Gaelic laogh,[᱓] ⟨a⟩: English but,[᱒] ⟨ɐ⟩: Cockney park
⟨u⟩: French sou, Scots book, ⟨o⟩: German so, ⟨ɔ⟩: English law

The lax vowels are defined by Sweet as:

⟨i⟩: English bit, ⟨e⟩: English men, ⟨æ⟩: English man
⟨ə⟩: French peur, ⟨œ⟩: (German götter is overrounded œ)
⟨ï⟩: English pretty, ⟨ë⟩: start of English eye, better, ⟨ɑ̈⟩: start of English how, Portuguese cama
⟨ü⟩: English value, ⟨ő⟩: French homme
⟨ɑ⟩: English father, ⟨ɒ⟩: Swedish mat
⟨u⟩: English put, ⟨o⟩: German stock, English boy, ⟨ɔ⟩: English not

The 1877 version of the Romic alphabet differed rather substantially from the 1892 version. It was very similar to Ellis's Paleotype.

Central vowels were indicated with a non-italic 'h' rather than a diaeresis, with regular ⟨æh⟩ for later irregular ⟨ä⟩.

The unrounded back vowels were irregular in their composition, in that laxness was not indicated by italicizing, which was used instead for the low vowels. They were (tense) high ⟨Ɐ⟩, mid ⟨ɐ⟩ (English but), low ⟨ɒ⟩ and (lax) high ⟨ᴀ⟩, mid ⟨a⟩ (English father) and low ⟨ɑ⟩ (Scots father).

⟨ʌ⟩ was used for the unstressed English schwa. It was not listed in the vowel chart because it was not considered to have any particular articulation, being merely an independent element of voicing (what Sweet called a 'glide vowel'), and the voiced equivalent of unarticulated ⟨ʜ⟩ (which would later become ⟨h⟩). ⟨ʜh⟩ is an open glottis, ⟨ʌh⟩ (or ⟨ʻ ʌ⟩) a whispery glottis.

Nasal vowels were indicated with a following italic 𝑛, the French "guttural" nasals with a following italic 𝑞, as in ⟨a𝑛⟩ and ⟨a𝑞⟩.

Vowel length was indicated with a following ⟨ɪ⟩ rather than doubling, as in ⟨aɪ⟩ (or extra-long ⟨aɪɪ⟩).

Reduced or barely pronounced sounds were marked by brackets, so ⟨[i]⟩.

Indices were used to avoid complex detail when it would be understood, as ⟨e1, o1⟩ for English diphthongal [eɪ, oʊ]

Glottal stop was x, the velar nasal q. Digraphs were used where later Sweet would use distinct characters.

Lab. Lab-D. Dent. Alv. Palv. Pal. Velar Labv. Phar. Glot.
Nasal mh · m nh · n ɴh · ɴ qh · q
Plosive p · b t · d ᴛ · ᴅ[᱔] k · g x
Fric./approxt. ph · bh f · v th · dh s · z
rh · r		 sh · zh jh · j kh · gh wh · w ʀh · ʀ ʜ · ʌ
Lateral lh · l ʟh · ʟ Ꞁh · Ꞁ

⟨ʜ⟩ and ⟨ʌ⟩ (IPA [h] and [ə]) might both be considered vowels, without any particular place of articulation, though at least [h] can sometimes behave as a glottal consonant.

English ch and j sounds were written ⟨tsh⟩ and ⟨dzh⟩. ⟨r⟩ was specifically an English [ɹ].

Consonants took diacritics for fronting, as in dental ⟨t̖⟩,[᱕] or retraction, as in uvular ⟨k̗⟩, retroflection, as in ⟨t⸸⟩, and protrusion, as in interdental ⟨t†⟩.

Where the IPA uses superscript letters for secondary articulation, Sweet used italics. Labialization and palatalization were indicated by a following italic ⟨w⟩ and ⟨j⟩. An italic ⟨r⟩ was used for trills, e.g. Italian ⟨rr⟩ (and voiceless Welsh ⟨rhr⟩), German ⟨ghr⟩, bilabial ⟨bhr⟩, and epiglottal ⟨ʀr⟩ and ⟨ʀhr⟩ as in Arabic ain and heth.

Aspiration was marked with ⟨ʜ⟩. (This was not italicized, but would be later when replaced with ℎ.) Whispered sounds were marked e.g. ⟨‘z⟩.

Simultaneous articulation was marked with *, as in ⟨k*p⟩.

As with vowels, barely articulated or pronounced consonants were set off with [brackets].

Much of the notation for phonetic detail may have carried over into later versions.

Stress is indicated with a ⟨·⟩ placed after the onset of the syllable, as in ⟨t·rehih⟩ 'try' (⟨ʌt·rehih⟩ 'a try' vs ⟨ʌtr·ehih⟩ 'at Rye'). Extra stress was marked with doubled ⟨··⟩, half stress with ⟨:⟩. Increasing, level, and decreasing stress (illustrated with the letter 'a') were ⟨a᷾⟩, ⟨ā̄⟩, ⟨a͐⟩ respectively.

Tone and intonation were indicated with iconic symbols such as rising ⟨/⟩, falling ⟨\⟩, level ⟨−⟩, rising-falling ⟨^⟩, etc., as in early IPA usage.

  1. ↑ ⟨ꞁ⟩ was principally used for dark (velarized) [ɫ], which Sweet analyzed as a velar sound.
  2. 1 2 In broad transcription, Sweet used ⟨a⟩ for French patte and Northern German mann and, as long ⟨aa⟩, for English father and German name, while he used ⟨ɐ⟩ for English come, which has the same vowel as but (see next symbol) – essentially the same as the usage of these letters in the IPA. However, these transcriptions may be remnants of his earlier sound values for these letters – see #History.
  3. ↑ This is indeed a high back unrounded vowel [ɯː] in Scottish Gaelic.
  4. ↑ Although specifically palatal in the explanation of symbols in the table. Although ⟨ᴛ⟩ and ⟨ᴅ⟩ are elsewhere defined as palatalized ⟨tj⟩ and ⟨dj⟩, contrasting with ⟨ᴋ⟩ and ⟨ɢ⟩ for palatalized ⟨kj⟩ and ⟨gj⟩, here Sweet notes that palatal ⟨ᴛ⟩ and ⟨ᴅ⟩ are merely likely to be confounded with the palatalized sounds.
  5. ↑ Though the dental fricative was simply ⟨th⟩, without a diacritic.
  • Sweet, Henry. (1892) A Primer of Phonetics, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (archive.org)
  • Sweet, Henry. (1877) A Handbook of Phonetics, Including a Popular Exposition of the Principles of Spelling Reform, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (archive.org)
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