ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ

ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱾^[᱑] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱭᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ:

ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱾
ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱾

ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱭᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱵᱳᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱴᱟᱱ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱭᱚᱨᱠ ᱥᱤᱴᱤ, ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ (norms) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱛᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱵᱤ (hobby) ᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ (style) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱡᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱡᱽ

ᱡᱚᱱ ᱜᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱡᱽ^[᱒] ᱫᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (homogeneous) ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾

ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ (diffusion) ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (heterogeneity) ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ" ᱥᱮ "ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ" (interaction) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱱᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ:

ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱚᱯᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
—ᱜᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱡᱽ (᱑᱙᱖᱘)

ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ (system) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾
—ᱜᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱡᱽ (᱑᱙᱖᱘)

ᱜᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱡᱽ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ: ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ" (linguistic range) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ (multilingual), ᱵᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ (diglossic), ᱥᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ (multidialectal) ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, "ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ" (compartmentalization) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ-ᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱳᱰ-ᱥᱣᱤᱪᱤᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱳᱣᱟᱢ ᱪᱳᱢᱥᱠᱤ

ᱜᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱳᱣᱟᱢ ᱪᱳᱢᱥᱠᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱳᱢᱥᱠᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ:

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ (ideal) ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (homogeneous) ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ, ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜ, ᱱᱚᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
—ᱪᱳᱢᱥᱠᱤ (᱑᱙᱖᱕:᱓)

ᱩᱭᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱵᱳᱵᱽ

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱭᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱟᱵᱳᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱳᱢᱥᱠᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (structural homogeneity) ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱵᱳᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ:

ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱾
—ᱞᱟᱵᱳᱵᱽ (᱑᱙᱗᱒:᱑᱒᱐–᱑)

ᱜᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱞᱟᱵᱳᱵᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ (shared norms) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱳᱢᱥᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ᱞᱟᱵᱳᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (homogeneous) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ

ᱞᱟᱵᱳᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱳᱢᱥᱠᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱓]

ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱳᱢᱥᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱵᱳᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (homogeneity) ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ African American ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱵᱳᱵᱽ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱔]

ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱪᱳᱢᱥᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱵᱳᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱚᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ" ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱕]

ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ

ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨᱮ ᱵᱳᱨᱰᱤᱭᱩ, ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱚᱱᱤ ᱜᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱮᱞ ᱰᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱴᱳ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱣᱮᱱᱜᱚᱨ ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱭᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱸᱠᱥ^[᱖] ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱱᱮᱞᱳᱯ ᱮᱠᱟᱨᱴ^[᱗] ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱮᱠᱟᱨᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ (sociolinguistic variation) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ — ᱛᱷᱚᱠ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ) ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱠᱟᱨᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱾^[᱘]

ᱦᱟᱸᱠᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱨᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱢᱯᱟᱨᱡᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ (shared practice) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱸᱠᱥ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱵᱷᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ

ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ (Stylistic) ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ (formality) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱙]

ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱟᱹᱯᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱠᱮᱴᱵᱳᱨᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (formal language) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ (register) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ "ᱰᱤᱥᱠᱳᱨᱥ ᱠᱚᱢᱩᱱᱤᱴᱤ" (discourse community) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ "ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

↑ Yule, G 2006, 'the study of language', third edition, Cambridge University press.
↑ Gumperz, John. 1968. The Speech Community.
↑ Patrick, P. L. 2008. The Speech Community.
↑ Morgan, Marcyliena. 1994. The African-American Speech Community.
↑ Duranti, A. 1997. Linguistic anthropology.
↑ Hanks, William. 1992. The Indexical Ground of Deictic Reference.
↑ Eckert, Penelope. 2006 Communities of practice.
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Eckert92".
↑ "Where do ethnolects stop?".

[1] Yule, G 2006, 'the study of language', third edition, Cambridge University press.

[2] Gumperz, John. 1968. The Speech Community.

[Patrick-3] Patrick, P. L. 2008. The Speech Community.

[4] Morgan, Marcyliena. 1994. The African-American Speech Community.

[5] Duranti, A. 1997. Linguistic anthropology.

[6] Hanks, William. 1992. The Indexical Ground of Deictic Reference.

[7] Eckert, Penelope. 2006 Communities of practice.

[Eckert92-8] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Eckert92".

[9] "Where do ethnolects stop?".

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