ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ
ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ
ᱦᱮᱞᱚᱢᱵᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ, ᱦᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ
ᱦᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ
ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ	ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ
ᱡᱟᱹᱛ	ᱦᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ
ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ	᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ (᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ)
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ	ᱥᱤᱱᱚ-ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱣᱨᱤ ? ᱵᱳᱫᱤᱥ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱚᱝ-ᱠᱟᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ; ; ; ; ;
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ
ISO 639-3	scp
ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ	yolm1234

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ (English: Yolmo), ᱦᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ (English: Hyolmo), ᱭᱳᱦᱞᱢᱚ (English: Yohlmo) ᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱞᱚᱢᱵᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ (English: Helambu Sherpa) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱱᱩᱣᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩᱯᱟᱞᱪᱳᱠ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱞᱚᱢᱵᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢᱪᱤ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ᱾ ᱞᱟᱢᱡᱩᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱤᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱮᱪᱷᱟᱯ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱭᱩᱵᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ)᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ^[᱓] ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾^[᱔] ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾^[᱕]

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ (Hyolmo), ᱭᱦᱳᱞᱢᱚ (Yholmo) ᱥᱮ ᱭᱳᱦᱞᱢᱚ (Yohlmo) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ 'h' ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ (low tone) ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱖] ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱛᱟᱢ' (Yolmo Tam) ᱦᱚᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, 'ᱛᱟᱢ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱛᱮ 'ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱗] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱦᱮᱞᱚᱢᱵᱩ ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱘] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱳᱞᱩ-ᱠᱷᱩᱢᱵᱩ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱔] ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ (ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾^[᱙]

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱚᱝ-ᱠᱟᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱓] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ, ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱭᱩᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢ (Tsum), ᱱᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤ (Nubri) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱭᱟᱞᱥᱩᱢᱫᱳ (Gyalsumdo) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱚᱝ-ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱖] ᱠᱟᱜᱟᱛᱮ (᱑,᱕᱐᱐) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ (ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐) ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢᱪᱤ, ᱞᱟᱢᱡᱩᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱞᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱢᱮᱪᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱩᱣᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩᱯᱟᱞᱪᱳᱠ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱞᱚᱢᱵᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢᱪᱤ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾^[᱘] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ (migration) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾^[᱑᱐] ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱟᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱘] ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱞᱟᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾^[᱑᱑] ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱥᱼᱵᱟᱥ, ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱼᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ, ᱦᱚᱴᱮᱞ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ, ᱨᱮᱥᱴᱩᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱢᱟᱱᱰᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱟᱣᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱰᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱑᱒]

ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱢᱡᱩᱝ^[᱑᱓] ᱟᱨ ᱤᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ᱾^[᱑᱔] ᱠᱟᱜᱟᱛᱮ (ᱥᱭᱩᱵᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱝᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢᱪᱤ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ

ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱤ (Anna Marie Hari) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢᱪᱤ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ - 'ᱯᱟᱪᱮ' ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ (ᱱᱩᱣᱟᱠᱳᱴ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ) ᱟᱨ 'ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ' ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ (ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟᱛᱷᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱤᱢᱤ ᱟᱰᱮᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱮ)᱾^[᱔]

ᱞᱟᱝᱴᱟᱝ

ᱨᱟᱥᱩᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱝᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱩᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱑᱕]

ᱞᱟᱢᱡᱩᱝ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ

ᱞᱟᱢᱡᱩᱝ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱢᱡᱩᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ᱾^[᱑᱓] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱖]

ᱤᱞᱟᱢ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ

ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱤᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ᱾^[᱑᱔] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱭᱩᱵᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱩᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱑᱖]

ᱥᱭᱩᱵᱟ (ᱠᱟᱜᱟᱛᱮ)

ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱭᱩᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ISO ᱠᱳᱰ (syw) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱑᱖] ᱥᱭᱩᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢᱪᱤ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱙% ᱟᱨ ᱥᱭᱩᱵᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱢᱡᱩᱝ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱘% ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ

ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱚᱞᱚᱜᱽ (Ethnologue) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ '᱖a - ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ' (Vigorous) ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱑᱗] ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱢᱪᱤ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱩᱢᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱔] ᱨᱟᱢᱮᱪᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱭᱩᱵᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ

ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱐᱐᱐ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱗] ᱦᱮᱞᱚᱢᱵᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱑᱘]

ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ

ᱦᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱗] ᱥᱭᱩᱵᱟ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ

ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠ (k) ᱟᱨ ᱭ (y) ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱭ ([c] 'kh') ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ (verb) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ (SOV)᱾ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ (noun) ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱱ (gender) ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾^[᱔]

ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ

ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱠᱷᱟᱼᱛᱟᱹᱞᱩᱭᱟᱹ: p, ph, b, m ᱰᱟᱴᱟ: t, th, d, n, s, l, r ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱩᱭᱟᱹ: c, ch, j, ny, sh, y ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱩᱭᱟᱹ: k, kh, g, ng, w, h ᱜᱞᱳᱴᱟᱞ: ʔ

ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, /a/᱾ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ (length) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱴᱳᱱ (Tone)

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱳᱱᱟᱞ (tonal) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱳᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱩᱥᱩᱞ (high), ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ (low), ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ (high-falling), ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ-ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ (low-falling)᱾

ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ

ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ (Pronouns)

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱜᱚᱨᱟᱱ (first person), ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱨᱟᱱ (second person) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱨᱟᱱ (third person) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱤᱧ (1sg): ᱰᱟ (ŋà) ᱟᱢ (2sg): ᱠᱷᱮ (khé) ᱩᱱᱤ (3sg): ᱠᱷᱳ (khó)

ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱞᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ, ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ (auxiliary) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱯᱩᱞᱟ (copula)᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱝ (tense), ᱢᱩᱰ (mood) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰᱮᱱᱥ (evidence) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱔]

ᱱᱟᱝ (Tense)

ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱱᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱝ (Past) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱝ (Non-past)᱾

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

↑ Central Bureau of Statistics. (2014). National Population and Housing Census 2011. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ". ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
1 2 Tournadre, N., & Sherpa, L. N. (2014). Sherpa-English and English-Sherpa Dictionary. Kathmandu: Vajra Publications.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Hari, A. M. (2010). Yolmo Grammar. Kathmandu: Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University.
↑ Bradley, D. (1997). "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". In D. Bradley (Ed.), Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
1 2 3 Gawne, L. (2011). "The segment and the syllable in Lamjung Yolmo". Himalayan Linguistics, 10(1), 193-219.
1 2 3 Hari, A. M., & Lama, C. (2004). Yolmo-Nepali-English Dictionary. Kathmandu: Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University.
1 2 3 Clarke, G. E. (1980). "A Helambu History". Journal of the Nepal Research Centre, 4, 1-38.
↑ Desjarlais, R. (2003). Sensory Biographies: Lives and Deaths among Nepal's Yolmo Buddhists. Berkeley: University of California Press.
↑ Bishop, N. H. (1998). "Himalayan Herders". Harcourt Brace.
↑ Torri, D. (2014). Landscape, Ritual and Identity among the Hyolmo of Nepal. PhD Dissertation.
↑ Gawne, L. (2010). "Lamjung Yolmo: Copulas and evidentials". In Himalayan Linguistics.
1 2 Gawne, L. (2016). Lamjung Yolmo: A sketch grammar. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics.
1 2 Sonam, R. (2015). Personal Communication.
↑ Huber, B. (2005). "The Tibetan Dialect of Lende (Kyirong)".
1 2 Gawne, L. (2013). "Reported speech in Lamjung Yolmo".
↑ Lewis, M. P., Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (2016). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
↑ Ghale, T. (2012). "Tamang-Yolmo relations".

[census2011-1] Central Bureau of Statistics. (2014). National Population and Housing Census 2011. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "ᱭᱚᱞᱢᱚ". ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Tournadre-3] 1 2 Tournadre, N., & Sherpa, L. N. (2014). Sherpa-English and English-Sherpa Dictionary. Kathmandu: Vajra Publications.

[Hari2010-4] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hari, A. M. (2010). Yolmo Grammar. Kathmandu: Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University.

[Bradley-5] Bradley, D. (1997). "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". In D. Bradley (Ed.), Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

[Gawne2011-6] 1 2 3 Gawne, L. (2011). "The segment and the syllable in Lamjung Yolmo". Himalayan Linguistics, 10(1), 193-219.

[HariLama-7] 1 2 3 Hari, A. M., & Lama, C. (2004). Yolmo-Nepali-English Dictionary. Kathmandu: Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University.

[Clarke-8] 1 2 3 Clarke, G. E. (1980). "A Helambu History". Journal of the Nepal Research Centre, 4, 1-38.

[Desjarlais-9] Desjarlais, R. (2003). Sensory Biographies: Lives and Deaths among Nepal's Yolmo Buddhists. Berkeley: University of California Press.

[Bishop-10] Bishop, N. H. (1998). "Himalayan Herders". Harcourt Brace.

[Torri-11] Torri, D. (2014). Landscape, Ritual and Identity among the Hyolmo of Nepal. PhD Dissertation.

[Gawne2010-12] Gawne, L. (2010). "Lamjung Yolmo: Copulas and evidentials". In Himalayan Linguistics.

[GawneSketch-13] 1 2 Gawne, L. (2016). Lamjung Yolmo: A sketch grammar. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics.

[Sonam-14] 1 2 Sonam, R. (2015). Personal Communication.

[Huber-15] Huber, B. (2005). "The Tibetan Dialect of Lende (Kyirong)".

[Gawne2013-16] 1 2 Gawne, L. (2013). "Reported speech in Lamjung Yolmo".

[Ethnologue-17] Lewis, M. P., Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (2016). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.

[Ghale-18] Ghale, T. (2012). "Tamang-Yolmo relations".

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