ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ
ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ
	; ᱗-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ
	SR
ᱴᱷᱟᱶ	ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱯᱩᱰᱩᱪᱮᱨᱤ, ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ
ᱚᱯᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ	14 April 1951; 74 years ago–
ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱜ	ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ; ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱦᱨᱟᱛᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ; ᱢᱟᱭᱩᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ
ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱜ	ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ; ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ; ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ; ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ
ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ	; ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ; ᱱᱮᱨᱚ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ
ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ	5,081 km (3,157 mi) route
ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱣᱟᱴᱟᱨ	ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ
ᱣᱮᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ	ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ (ᱮᱥᱟᱨ) ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱯᱩᱰᱩᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱔᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱕᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱕,᱐᱘᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱓,᱑᱕᱗ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱗᱒᱗ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱓᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱰ ᱦᱤᱞᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱸᱫᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤᱯᱮᱴᱴᱴᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾^[᱒]

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱓᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾^[᱓] ᱑᱘᱓᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱴᱤᱞ ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤᱯᱮᱴ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱓᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱔] ᱑᱘᱕᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱕᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱕] ᱑᱙᱐᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱖]^[᱗]

᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱘] ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱔᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱚᱥᱴᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱚᱥᱴᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱕᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱙]

ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ, ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ, ᱯᱩᱰᱩᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱙] ᱯᱚᱨᱴ ᱵᱞᱮᱭᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱞᱤᱯᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱐]

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱱᱮᱡᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱱᱮᱡᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ, ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱪᱤᱨᱟᱯᱚᱞᱞᱤ, ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ, ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱰ, ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱣᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱾^[᱙]

ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ	ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ	ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ	ᱛᱷᱩᱛᱤ
ᱵᱮᱡᱟᱣᱟᱰᱟ	᱖-ᱢᱮ-᱑᱙᱕᱖	ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ	᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥᱠᱳᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ
ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ	᱖-ᱢᱮ-᱑᱙᱕᱖	ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱟᱭ
ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱪᱤᱨᱟᱯᱚᱞᱞᱤ	᱖-ᱢᱮ-᱑᱙᱕᱖	ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱪᱤᱨᱟᱯᱚᱞᱞᱤ
ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ	᱑-ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ-᱑᱙᱕᱖	ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ
ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱰ	᱔-ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ-᱑᱙᱕᱖	ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱠᱠᱟᱲ	ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱞᱳᱵᱷᱠᱳᱰ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱳᱫᱽᱱᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱜᱩᱱᱴᱠᱚᱞ	᱑᱐-ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ-᱑᱙᱕᱖	ᱜᱩᱱᱴᱠᱚᱞ	᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱨ. ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥ.ᱥᱤ.ᱳ.ᱟᱨ. ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ
ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ	᱓᱑-ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ-᱑᱙᱕᱖	ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱩᱨ	᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤ.ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱭᱩ.ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ
ᱦᱩᱵᱽᱞᱤ	᱓᱑-ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ-᱑᱙᱕᱖	ᱦᱩᱵᱽᱞᱤ	᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥ.ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥ.ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱭᱩ.ᱟᱨ. ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ
ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ	᱓᱑-ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ-᱑᱙᱗᱑	ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱩᱨᱩ	᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱥ.ᱰᱟᱵᱽᱞᱭᱩ.ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ
ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱣᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ	᱒-ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ-᱑᱙᱗᱙	ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱣᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ
ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱢ	᱑᱔-ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ-᱒᱐᱐᱑	ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱢ

ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱱᱡᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ, ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱡᱟᱥ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱱᱡᱚᱨ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱑] ᱢᱟᱞ ᱰᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱴᱮᱱᱮᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ, ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱭᱞᱟ, ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱨᱳᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱥ, ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱨᱴ, ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱢᱟᱱᱩᱯᱷᱮᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱮᱜᱽᱱᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱤᱸᱠ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱰᱷᱟᱹᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱱᱡᱚᱨ ᱴᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱒]^[᱑᱓] ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱒᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱔]

ᱞᱳᱠᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱚ

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱞᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱕] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠ ᱞᱳᱠᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱥᱮᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱞᱳᱠᱳᱢᱳᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱥᱮᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱖]

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

↑ "Southern Railway vital statistics" (PDF). Southern Railway. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
↑ Smith, John Thomas (1839). "Reports, Correspondence and Original Papers on Various Professional Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Engineers, Madras Presidency". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Understanding Indian Railway Heritage (PDF) (Report). Indian Railways. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
↑ "Chennai: The track record". New Indian Express. 16 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
↑ "On Forgotten Road". The Times of India. 31 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
↑ "Third oldest railway station in country set to turn 156". Indian Railways. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
↑ The Cambridge Economic History of India. Vol. 2. Orient Longmans Private Limited. 2005. p. 755. ISBN 978-8-1250-2731-7.
↑ Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background (Report). Indian Railways. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
1 2 3 "Southern Railways, about us". Southern Railway. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
↑ "Railways to show green signal to a train in Andaman and Nicobar". Indian Express. 6 February 2017. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IR
↑ "Southern Railway punctuality and fiscal performance hit". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
↑ "Southern Railway's financial and operational performance dips". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
↑ "Southern Railway stations" (PDF) (pdf). Indian Railways. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
↑ "Coonoor loco shed opened for tourists". The Hindu. 29 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
↑ "Sheds and Workshops – Southern Railway". IRFCA. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.

ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

[1] "Southern Railway vital statistics" (PDF). Southern Railway. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

[2] Smith, John Thomas (1839). "Reports, Correspondence and Original Papers on Various Professional Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Engineers, Madras Presidency". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[3] Understanding Indian Railway Heritage (PDF) (Report). Indian Railways. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

[4] "Chennai: The track record". New Indian Express. 16 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.

[5] "On Forgotten Road". The Times of India. 31 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.

[6] "Third oldest railway station in country set to turn 156". Indian Railways. Retrieved 13 February 2013.

[7] The Cambridge Economic History of India. Vol. 2. Orient Longmans Private Limited. 2005. p. 755. ISBN 978-8-1250-2731-7.

[8] Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background (Report). Indian Railways. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

[SR-9] 1 2 3 "Southern Railways, about us". Southern Railway. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.

[10] "Railways to show green signal to a train in Andaman and Nicobar". Indian Express. 6 February 2017. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.

[IR-11] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IR

[12] "Southern Railway punctuality and fiscal performance hit". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

[13] "Southern Railway's financial and operational performance dips". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

[SRS-14] "Southern Railway stations" (PDF) (pdf). Indian Railways. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.

[15] "Coonoor loco shed opened for tourists". The Hindu. 29 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.

[IRFCA-16] "Sheds and Workshops – Southern Railway". IRFCA. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.

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