ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ

ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ
	᱑᱘᱖᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ
ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ
	᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ
ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ
	ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ (Nuerland)
South Sudan	᱑.᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ
Ethiopia	᱑᱔᱗,᱖᱗᱒ (᱒᱐᱐᱗)
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ
	ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ (Thok Naath)
ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ
	ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (Nuer religion)
ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ
	ᱰᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱛᱣᱳᱴ

ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱽᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱞ (Greater Upper Nile) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱢᱵᱮᱞᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱢᱵᱮᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾^[᱒] ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱥᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱾^[᱓] ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ "ᱱᱟᱛᱷ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ (Overview)

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱫᱷᱟ-ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ (History)

ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱡᱤᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ "ᱠᱣᱮᱨ ᱠᱣᱚᱝ" (Kwer Kwong) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱣᱳ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱵᱮᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗᱐᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱰᱳᱯᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ, ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱰᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱᱭᱩᱣᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱔]

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ—ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱣ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱮ. ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱳᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱱᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱕]

᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱨᱞᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ (disarmament) ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ; ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ SPLA ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱵᱽᱛᱚ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱣᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱵᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ,^[᱖] ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱨᱞᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Culture)

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱟᱱ (symbolic), ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱳᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱪᱤᱱᱥᱚᱱ (Sharon Hutchinson) ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾"^[᱓] ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ "ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ" (bride wealth) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱴᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ "ᱜᱳᱥᱴ ᱢᱮᱨᱮᱡᱽ" (ghost marriage - ᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱ "ᱟᱯᱟᱛ" ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ (woman) ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ "ᱟᱯᱟᱛ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾

ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ (Cattle)

ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱣ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱤ. ᱤ. ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱨᱤᱴᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, "ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ... ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ, ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱼᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾"^[᱗]

ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱨᱤᱴᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱤᱯᱮᱥᱚᱱ (constipation) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱨᱤᱴᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, "ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾"^[᱘] ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾

ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (Religion)

ᱤ. ᱤ. ᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱᱥ-ᱯᱨᱤᱴᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (cosmology) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ "ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ 'ᱠᱳᱛᱷ ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱭᱤᱞ' (Kuoth Nhial - ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ, ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜ (rainbow) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾

ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ-ᱠᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ 'ᱣᱤᱣ' (WiW), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱬᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱕᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ 'ᱵᱩᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱥᱤᱥ' ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱘ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ 'ᱱᱤᱣ ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ' ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱥᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱒᱕% ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾^[᱙]

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (Language)

ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱭᱮᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ / ᱛᱷᱳᱠᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱞᱳ-ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

↑ "The Word Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2026-03-18.
↑ Shedrak, Dr Ambala. Ethnic Conflicts in Gambella Region, Ethiopia.
1 2 Hutchinson, Sharon, 1992.
↑ Kelly, Raymond Case (1985). The Nuer Conquest: The Structure and Development of an Expansionist System. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472080563. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
↑ Newcomer, Peter J. (1972). "The Nuer Are Dinka: An Essay on Origins and Environmental Determinism". Man. New Series. 7 (1): 5–11. doi:10.2307/2799852. JSTOR 2799852.
↑ Young, John (June 2007). "The White Army: An Introduction and Overview" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
↑ Peters-Golden (2012), pp. 164–165.
↑ Evans-Pritchard (2016), p. 18.
↑ "Nuer in South Sudan". Joshua Project. Retrieved 21 April 2025.

[1] "The Word Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2026-03-18.

[2] Shedrak, Dr Ambala. Ethnic Conflicts in Gambella Region, Ethiopia.

[HUTCH1992-3] 1 2 Hutchinson, Sharon, 1992.

[4] Kelly, Raymond Case (1985). The Nuer Conquest: The Structure and Development of an Expansionist System. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472080563. Retrieved 12 January 2020.

[5] Newcomer, Peter J. (1972). "The Nuer Are Dinka: An Essay on Origins and Environmental Determinism". Man. New Series. 7 (1): 5–11. doi:10.2307/2799852. JSTOR 2799852.

[sas-6] Young, John (June 2007). "The White Army: An Introduction and Overview" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. Retrieved 30 December 2011.

[FOOTNOTEPeters-Golden2012164–165-7] Peters-Golden (2012), pp. 164–165.

[FOOTNOTEEvans-Pritchard201618-8] Evans-Pritchard (2016), p. 18.

[9] "Nuer in South Sudan". Joshua Project. Retrieved 21 April 2025.

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