ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱠᱚᱴ ᱡᱩᱞ

ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱠᱚᱴ ᱡᱩᱞ
ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ	ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱠᱚᱴ ᱡᱩᱞ
ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ
ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱺᱦᱤᱛ	᱒᱔ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱑᱘
ᱜᱩᱨ ᱢᱟᱺᱦᱤᱛ	᱑᱑ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱘᱙
ᱜᱩᱱ	ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ
ᱢᱟᱺᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ
ᱨᱚᱭᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (᱑᱘᱕᱒) ᱠᱩᱯᱞᱮ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (᱑᱘᱗᱐) ᱟᱞᱵᱚᱨᱴ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (᱑᱘᱘᱐)
ᱮᱱᱮᱢ	First law of thermodynamics Disproving caloric theory

ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱠᱚᱴ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱝᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ⁽¹⁾ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱤᱫᱤᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ⁽²⁾ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ (Law of conservation of energy), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱢᱚᱰᱟᱭᱱᱟᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ (first law of thermodynamics) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱠᱚᱴ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ SI ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱨᱰ ᱠᱮᱞᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ (temperature) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱮᱞ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱣᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ , ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱞᱵᱷᱤᱱ ᱥᱠᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ

ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱡᱩᱞ

ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱠᱚᱴ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱔ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱥᱟᱞᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱵᱮᱞᱤ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱧᱡᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱞ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱠᱚᱴ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱞᱴᱚᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ (electricity) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱩᱦᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱠ (shock) ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱤᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱯᱟᱛᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱣᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱯᱟᱹᱣᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱷᱟᱯ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱ (steam engine) ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨ (electric motor) ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱔᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱨᱤᱢᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱩᱞᱩᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱕᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱧᱡᱟᱢᱤᱱ ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱨ ᱡᱩᱞ (᱑᱘᱕᱐-᱑᱙᱒᱒), ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱩᱛᱩᱜ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱮᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱢᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ (᱑᱘᱕᱒-᱑᱘᱙᱙) ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱠᱚᱴ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱘᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱭ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱟᱺᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ

• ᱨᱚᱭᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (᱑᱘᱕᱒)
• ᱠᱩᱯᱞᱮ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (᱑᱘᱗᱐)
• ᱟᱞᱵᱚᱨᱴ ᱢᱮᱰᱟᱞ (᱑᱘᱘᱐)

ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ

• The scientific papers of James Prescott Joule (1884) – annotated by Joule
• The joint scientific papers of James Prescott Joule (1887) – annotated by Joule
• Classic papers of 1845 and 1847 at ChemTeam website On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat and On the Existence of an Equivalent Relation between Heat and the ordinary Forms of Mechanical Power
• Joule's water friction apparatus at London Science Museum
• Some Remarks on Heat and the Constitution of Elastic Fluids, Joule's 1851 estimate of the speed of a gas molecule
• Joule Manuscripts at John Rylands Library, Manchester.
• University of Manchester material on Joule – includes photographs of Joule's house and gravesite
• Joule Physics Laboratory at the University of Salford.