ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ: ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟᱭᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ
Ramjit Tudu (ᱨᱚᱲ | ᱮᱱᱮᱢ) ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ |
Ramjit Tudu (ᱨᱚᱲ | ᱮᱱᱮᱢ) |
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ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱗᱒: | ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱗᱒: | ||
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱞᱚᱠᱱᱚᱣ" ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ'' ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ''ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱚᱬ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱬ]] ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱚᱬᱯᱩᱨᱤ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱟᱫᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ '''ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ '''ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ''' ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Veena2014">{{cite book |author=Veena Talwar Oldenburg |title=The Making of Colonial Lucknow, 1856–1877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tP_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5630-5 |page=6 }}</ref><ref name="PNas1993">{{cite book |author=P. Nas |title=Urban Symbolism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7-xvYmg3HcC&pg=PA329 |year=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-09855-0 |page=329 }}</ref> |
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱞᱚᱠᱱᱚᱣ" ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ''ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ'' ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ''ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱚᱬ'' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ [[ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱬ]] ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱚᱬᱯᱩᱨᱤ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱟᱫᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ '''ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ''' ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ '''ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ''' ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Veena2014">{{cite book |author=Veena Talwar Oldenburg |title=The Making of Colonial Lucknow, 1856–1877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tP_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5630-5 |page=6 }}</ref><ref name="PNas1993">{{cite book |author=P. Nas |title=Urban Symbolism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7-xvYmg3HcC&pg=PA329 |year=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-09855-0 |page=329 }}</ref> |
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⚫ | ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ''ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱚᱬᱵᱚᱛᱤ'' (Sanskrit: लक्ष्मणवती, ''fortunate'') ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱᱚᱵᱚᱛᱤ", ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣᱛᱤ", ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ" ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾<ref name="Philip2006">{{cite book |author=Philip Lutgendorf Professor of Hindi and Modern Indian Studies University of Iowa |title=Hanuman's Tale : The Messages of a Divine Monkey: The Messages of a Divine Monkey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&pg=PA245 |date=13 December 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-804220-4 |page=245 }}</ref> ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱩᱠᱷᱢᱤ" ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱤ" ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱳᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱚᱱᱚᱣᱛᱤ, ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱚᱱᱚᱣᱛ, ᱞᱚᱠᱥᱱᱚᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ <ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Stephen Charnock |title=Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names |url=https://archive.org/details/localetymologya00chargoog |year=1859 |publisher=Houlston and Wright |page=[https://archive.org/details/localetymologya00chargoog/page/n360 167]}}</ref> |
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᱑᱐:᱔᱔, ᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ
ᱞᱚᱠᱱᱚᱣ Lucknow | |
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ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ | |
ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱵ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, Constantinople of the East, Shiraz-e-Hind | |
Coordinates: 26°51′N 80°57′E / 26.850°N 80.950°ECoordinates: 26°51′N 80°57′E / 26.850°N 80.950°E | |
Country | ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ |
ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ | ᱩᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ |
ᱰᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ | ᱞᱚᱠᱱᱚᱣ |
ᱡᱤᱞᱟ | ᱞᱚᱠᱱᱚᱣ |
ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ | |
• ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ | Municipal Corporation |
• ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ | Lucknow Municipal Corporation |
• Mayor | Sanyukta Bhatia (BJP) |
• Commissioner, Lucknow Division | Anil Garg, IAS |
• Inspector General, Lucknow Range | Ajay Narain Singh, IPS |
• District Magistrate and Collector | Kaushal raj Sharma, IAS |
• Senior Superintendent of Police | Kalanidhi Naithani, IPS |
ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ [᱑] | |
• ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ | 349 ᱠᱤᱢᱤ২ (135 ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) |
ᱩᱥᱩᱞ | 123 ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (404 ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) |
ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ | (2011)[᱒][᱓] |
• ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱚᱯᱚᱞᱤᱥ | ᱒,᱘᱑᱗,᱑᱐᱕ |
• ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱞ | 11th |
• ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ | 8100/ᱠᱤᱢᱤ2 (21000/ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱤᱞ) |
• ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ[᱔] | ᱒,᱙᱐᱒,᱙᱒᱐ |
• Metro Rank | ᱑᱒th |
Demonym(s) | Lakhnawi, Lucknowite |
Language | |
• Official | Hindi language[᱕] |
• Additional official | Urdu[᱕] |
IST (ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+5:30) | |
ᱯᱤᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ | 2260xx / 2270xx |
Telephone code | +91-522 |
ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱤᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ | UP-32 |
Sex ratio | 915 ♀/1000 ♂ |
HDI | 0.665 [᱖] |
ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ | ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ |
ᱞᱚᱠᱱᱚᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛᱣᱚᱯᱩᱨᱱᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱣᱫᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱣᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱜᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱞᱛᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ, ᱯᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱣᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾
ᱧᱩᱢ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ (Etymology)
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱞᱚᱠᱱᱚᱣ" ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱚᱬ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱚᱬᱯᱩᱨᱤ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱑᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱭᱟᱫᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾[᱗][᱘]
ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱚᱬᱵᱚᱛᱤ (Sanskrit: लक्ष्मणवती, fortunate) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱᱚᱵᱚᱛᱤ", ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣᱛᱤ", ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ" ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾[᱙] ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ "ᱞᱩᱠᱷᱢᱤ" ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ "ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱤ" ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵᱽ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱵᱳᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱚᱱᱚᱣᱛᱤ, ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱢᱚᱱᱚᱣᱛ, ᱞᱚᱠᱥᱱᱚᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱱᱚᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [᱑᱐]
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
- ↑ "Lucknow District Census 2011 Handbook: VILLAGE AND TOWN WISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (PCA)" (PDF). Census of India. p. 47 (pdf) Urban Section. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
- ↑ "Lucknow District Area and Population". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
- ↑ "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011" (PDF). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
- ↑ "Lucknow Urban Region". Census2011 India. p. 2. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
- ↑ ᱕.᱐ ᱕.᱑ "52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. p. 49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 ᱢᱮ 2017. Retrieved 12 ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2019.
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ignored (help) - ↑ http://ssca.org.in/media/4_2016_HDI_t1hcMZm.pdf
- ↑ Veena Talwar Oldenburg (14 July 2014). The Making of Colonial Lucknow, 1856–1877. Princeton University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4008-5630-5.
- ↑ P. Nas (1993). Urban Symbolism. BRILL. p. 329. ISBN 90-04-09855-0.
- ↑ Philip Lutgendorf Professor of Hindi and Modern Indian Studies University of Iowa (13 December 2006). Hanuman's Tale : The Messages of a Divine Monkey: The Messages of a Divine Monkey. Oxford University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-19-804220-4.
- ↑ Richard Stephen Charnock (1859). Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names. Houlston and Wright. p. 167.