ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ: ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟᱭᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ

ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ
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ᱜᱚᱛᱟᱣᱠᱚ: ᱢᱳᱵᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱳᱵᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱳᱭᱮᱵ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ Advanced mobile edit
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ᱜᱚᱛᱟᱣᱠᱚ: ᱢᱳᱵᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱳᱵᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱳᱭᱮᱵ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ Advanced mobile edit
ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱒᱑: ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱒᱑:
[[ᱨᱮᱫ: Indo-European branches map.svg|thumb|ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ]]
[[ᱨᱮᱫ: Indo-European branches map.svg|thumb|ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ]]
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{{legend|#000080|ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ}}

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ [[ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ|ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ – ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ 3rd millennium BC ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ [[ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ]], [[ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱟᱨ [[ᱱᱩᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ|ᱱᱩᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ]] ᱾ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ<ref name="jain-cardona-2007">{{Cite encyclopaedia| year = 2007 | title = The Indo-Aryan languages | editor1-first = Danesh | editor1-last = Jain | editor2-first = George | editor2-last = Cardona | page = 905 | quote ='Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which ''[..]'' developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian. | isbn = 978-0415772945 | author-first = Elena | author-last = Bashir }}</ref> ᱾


==ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ==
==ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ==

᱐᱙:᱒᱔, ᱑᱗ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ

Indo-Iranian
Aryan
ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ
ᱪᱷᱮᱨ
South, Central, Western Asia, South East Europe and the Caucasus / Total speakers = approximately 1.5 billion in 15 countries
ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧIndo-European
  • Indo-Iranian
ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤProto-Indo-Iranian
ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ
ᱟᱭᱮᱥᱳ ᱖᱓᱙ᱼ᱕iir
ᱜᱞᱚᱴᱴᱚᱞᱚᱜᱽindo1320[᱑]
The approximate present-day distribution of the Indo-European branches of Eurasia:
  Indo-Iranian

ᱤᱱᱫᱤ-ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ (ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ[᱒][᱓]) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ (ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ), ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ (ᱠᱩᱨᱫᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱡᱟ-ᱜᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ) ᱠᱚᱠᱮᱥᱟᱥ (ᱳᱥᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ (ᱥᱟᱨᱤᱠᱳᱞᱤ) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ (ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ) ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ (ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱯ (ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ) ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱳᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ (ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ), ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱤᱱᱫᱤ-ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ
  ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ – ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ 3rd millennium BC ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ, ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ[᱔]

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ


ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Indo-Iranian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (help)
  2. D. D. Mahulkar (1990). Pre-Pāṇinian Linguistic Studies. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 978-81-85119-88-5.
  3. Annarita Puglielli; Mara Frascarelli (2011). Linguistic Analysis: From Data to Theory. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-022250-0.
  4. ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Cite encyclopaedia