ᱡᱟᱝ

ᱩᱫᱽᱵᱷᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ (embryo) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱺᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 'ᱴᱮᱥᱴᱟ' (testa) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱨ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱚᱞᱠᱟᱹ (husk) ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ ᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱟᱬᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱳᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱳᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (spermatophytes) ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱ, ᱥᱮᱣᱞᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱣᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱥ ᱴᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾

ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱯᱟᱠᱚᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ "ᱡᱟᱝ" ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱨᱡᱚᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱡᱚ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱤᱪ) ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱷᱚᱨ (endocarp) ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱠᱳᱨᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱡᱮᱞᱱᱟᱴ ᱾

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱔᱖᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ,^[᱑] ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱳᱨ (spores) ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱢᱱᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱥᱚᱭ (ovary) ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ (᱔᱑᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ) ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱒] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱢᱱᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱱᱤᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱥ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ (᱓᱕᱙ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱙᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ; ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱚᱠ (ovules) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ 'ᱠᱟᱯᱩᱞ' (cupule) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,^[᱓] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱾^[᱔]

ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱺᱪᱟᱣ (seed storage), ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ (viability) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱽ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱟ (hygrometric dependence) ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:

᱑᱘᱓᱒ ᱨᱮ Augustin Pyramus de Candolle-ᱟᱜ Conservation des Graines ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱺᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱓-ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱩᱢ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ Physiologie végétale, ou Exposition des forces et des fonctions vitales des végétaux ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (᱑᱘᱓᱒, v. ᱒, pp. ᱖᱑᱘–᱖᱒᱖, ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ);^[᱕] (ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ, "ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ, ᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ")
᱑᱘᱔᱖ ᱨᱮ Augustin de Candolle ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ (viability) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "Sur la durée relative de la faculté de germer des graines appartenant à diverses familles" ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ (Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, ᱑᱘᱔᱖, III ᱖: ᱓᱗᱓–᱓᱘᱒);^[᱕] (ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ, "ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ")
᱑᱘᱙᱗ ᱨᱮ Victor Jodin ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱽ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ (hygrometric studies) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ (Annales Agronomiques, ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱙᱗)^[᱖]
᱑᱙᱑᱒ ᱨᱮ Henry B. Guppy-ᱟᱜ ᱕᱒᱘ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ "Studies in Seeds and Fruits- An Investigation with the Balance" (᱑᱙᱑᱒, ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ, ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ); ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ Science ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ (ᱡᱩᱱ ᱑᱙᱑᱔, ᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ, ᱰᱤ.ᱥᱤ.)^[᱗]

ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱼᱵᱩᱨᱩ

ᱮᱱᱡᱤᱭᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱝ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚ (fruit) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱢᱱᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ (gymnosperms) ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱱ (cones) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ "ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱟ" (naked) ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱱᱤᱯᱷᱟᱨ (conifer) ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱴᱚᱢᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾

ᱮᱱᱡᱤᱭᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ: (᱑) ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱳᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ (embryo), (᱒) ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ (endosperm), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱞᱚᱭᱰ (triploid) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, (᱓) ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱡᱤᱭᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱵᱚᱞ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱴᱤᱞᱟᱭᱡᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱺᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (egg cell) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱳᱥ (central cell) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱳᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱵᱷᱟᱣ (fertilization) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱳᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ (germination) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ (Shape and appearance)

ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱱᱟ-ᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ

ᱵᱷᱮᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ (reniform) – ᱠᱤᱰᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱵᱽ (lobes) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱪᱚᱠᱳ/ᱵᱚᱨᱜᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱭᱚᱛᱟᱠᱟᱨ (Oblong) – ᱠᱳᱬ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾
ᱛᱮᱠᱳᱬᱟ (Triangular) – ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱰᱤᱢᱵᱟᱠᱟᱨ (Elliptic ᱥᱮ Ovate) – ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱘]
ᱰᱤᱥᱠᱳᱭᱮᱰ (Discoid) – ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱰᱤᱥᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾
ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ (Globose) – ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱳᱞᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱾
ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱳᱥ (Subglobose) – ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱳᱞᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱚᱱᱚᱞ (texture) ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱭᱮᱴ (Striate) ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱚᱝ (brown) ᱜᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱥᱠᱷᱚᱥᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱠ (cork) ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱵᱮᱨᱳᱥ (suberose) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ (Structure)

ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ:

ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ (embryo);
ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ (seed coat) ᱾

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ (monocotyledons) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱺᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱠᱚᱢ

ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱠᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱ ᱑᱙᱔᱖) ᱾^[᱙] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ (embryo) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ (ratio) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ (cotyledons) ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱮ ᱥᱳᱥᱚᱬ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱙]

ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ (monocotyledons) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱯᱚᱛᱨᱚ (dicotyledons) ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱢᱱᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ (linear ᱟᱨ spatulate) ᱡᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱐] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ (morphology), ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱥᱯᱟᱨᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾

ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ

ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ, ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ (ᱛᱷᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ) ᱾ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱝᱜᱤᱠ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱰᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳ-ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱾^[᱑᱑]

ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ (Embryo nourishment)

ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱳᱨ (spore) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱺᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱨᱩᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱳᱥ (multicellular) ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ

ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱦᱤᱥᱮᱱᱴ (dehiscent) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱯᱥᱩᱞ, ᱯᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠᱚᱞ, ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱟᱴᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱮᱦᱤᱥᱮᱱᱴ (indehiscent) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱠᱤᱱ, ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱳᱯᱥᱤᱥ, ᱱᱟᱴ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱨᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱾^[᱑᱒]

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

↑ McGhee, George R. Jr. (2013-11-12). When the Invasion of Land Failed: The Legacy of the Devonian Extinctions (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-16057-5.
↑ Mary Bagley (2014-02-22). "Devonian Period: Climate, Animals & Plants". livescience.com (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 2022-01-02.
↑ Bora, Lily (2010). Principles of Paleobotany (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-8293-024-7.
↑ Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Krings, Michael (2009-01-21). Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055783-0.
1 2 Justice, Oren L.; Bass, Louis N. (April 1978). Principles and Practices of Seed Storage (Agriculture Handbook No. 506 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Agriculture Department. p. 252. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
↑ Guppy, Henry B. (1912). Studies in Seeds and Fruits. London, England: Williams and Norgate. pp. 147–150. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
↑ Harshberger, John W. (June 12, 1914). "Book Review: Scientific Books". Science. 39 (1015): 873–874. doi:10.1126/science.39.1015.873.
↑ "Seed shape". anbg.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2014-02-26.
1 2 The Seed Biology Place, Gerhard Leubner Lab, Royal Holloway, University of London, archived from the original on 24 September 2015, retrieved 13 October 2015
↑ Baskin, Carol C.; Baskin, Jerry M. (2001). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Elsevier. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-12-080263-0.
↑ Matsumoto H, Fan X, Wang Y, Kusstatscher P, Duan J, Wu S, et al. (January 2021). "Bacterial seed endophyte shapes disease resistance in rice". Nature Plants. 7 (1): 60–72. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7...60M. doi:10.1038/s41477-020-00826-5. PMID 33398157. S2CID 230508404.
↑ Jones, Samuel B., and Arlene E. Luchsinger. 1979. Plant systematics. McGraw-Hill series in organismic biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 195.

Embertson, Jane (1979). Pods: wildflowers and weeds in their final beauty (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ) (1st ed.). New York, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company (published 1980). p. 186. ISBN 0-684-15543-5. Archived from the original on 2025-08-13. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
Heywood, Vernon Hilton; Moore, David Moresby, eds. (1984). "Microstructural Features of Seed Surface". Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Systematics Association. pp. 95–105. ISBN 978-0-12-347060-7.
A.C. Martin. The Comparative Internal Morphology of Seeds. American Midland Naturalist Vol. 36, No. 3 (Nov., 1946), pp. 513–660
M.B. McDonald, Francis Y. Kwong (eds.). Flower Seeds: Biology and Technology. CABI, 2005. ISBN 0-85199-906-9
Edred John Henry Corner. The Seeds of Dicotyledons. Cambridge University Press, 1976. ISBN 0-521-20688-X
United States Forest Service. Woody Plant Seed Manual. 1948
Stuppy, W. Glossary of Seed and Fruit Morphological Terms. Royal botanical gardens, Kew 2004

ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲᱠᱚ

Royal Holloway, University of London: The Seed Biology Place
The Millennium Seed Bank Project Kew Garden's ambitious preservation project
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault – a backup facility for the world's seed banks
Plant Physiology online: Types of Seed Dormancy and the Roles of Environmental Factors
Canadian Grain Commission:Seed characters used in the identification of small oilseeds and weed seeds
The Seed Site: collecting, storing, sowing, germinating, and exchanging seeds, with pictures of seeds, seedpods and seedlings.
Plant Fix: Check out various plant seeds and learn more information about them Archived ᱒᱐᱒᱒-᱐᱓-᱑᱙ at the Wayback Machine.

[1] McGhee, George R. Jr. (2013-11-12). When the Invasion of Land Failed: The Legacy of the Devonian Extinctions (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-16057-5.

[2] Mary Bagley (2014-02-22). "Devonian Period: Climate, Animals & Plants". livescience.com (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 2022-01-02.

[3] Bora, Lily (2010). Principles of Paleobotany (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-8293-024-7.

[4] Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Krings, Michael (2009-01-21). Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055783-0.

[Justice-5] 1 2 Justice, Oren L.; Bass, Louis N. (April 1978). Principles and Practices of Seed Storage (Agriculture Handbook No. 506 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Agriculture Department. p. 252. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.

[Guppy-6] Guppy, Henry B. (1912). Studies in Seeds and Fruits. London, England: Williams and Norgate. pp. 147–150. Retrieved 5 February 2023.

[7] Harshberger, John W. (June 12, 1914). "Book Review: Scientific Books". Science. 39 (1015): 873–874. doi:10.1126/science.39.1015.873.

[8] "Seed shape". anbg.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2014-02-26.

[Gerhard_Leubner-2015-9] 1 2 The Seed Biology Place, Gerhard Leubner Lab, Royal Holloway, University of London, archived from the original on 24 September 2015, retrieved 13 October 2015

[10] Baskin, Carol C.; Baskin, Jerry M. (2001). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Elsevier. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-12-080263-0.

[11] Matsumoto H, Fan X, Wang Y, Kusstatscher P, Duan J, Wu S, et al. (January 2021). "Bacterial seed endophyte shapes disease resistance in rice". Nature Plants. 7 (1): 60–72. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7...60M. doi:10.1038/s41477-020-00826-5. PMID 33398157. S2CID 230508404.

[12] Jones, Samuel B., and Arlene E. Luchsinger. 1979. Plant systematics. McGraw-Hill series in organismic biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 195.

[᱑]

[᱒]

[᱓]

[᱔]

[᱕]

[᱖]

[᱗]

[᱘]

[᱙]

[᱑᱐]

[᱑᱑]

[᱑᱒]