ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ

ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ
	A real-color image taken by Mariner 10 in newly processed view (8 June 2020); the surface is obscured by thick sulfuric acid clouds
Designations
Pronunciation	/ˈviːnəs/
Adjectives	Venusian /vᵻˈnjuːziən,_ʔʒən/, rarely Cytherean /sɪθəˈriːən/ [see] or Venerean / Venerian /vᵻˈnɪəriən/
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch J2000
Aphelion	0.728213 AU; 108,939,000 km;
Perihelion	0.718440 AU; 107,477,000 km;
Semi-major axis	0.723332 AU; 108,208,000 km;
Eccentricity	0.006772
Orbital period	224.701 d; 0.615198 yr; 1.92 Venus solar day;
Synodic period	583.92 days
Average orbital speed	35.02 km/s
Mean anomaly	50.115°
Inclination	3.39458° to ecliptic; 3.86° to Sun's equator; 2.19° to invariable plane;
Longitude of ascending node	76.680°
Argument of perihelion	54.884°
Satellites	None
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	6,051.8±1.0 km; 0.9499 Earths;
Flattening	0
Surface area	4.6023×108 km2; 0.902 Earths;
Volume	9.2843×1011 km3; 0.866 Earths;
Mass	4.8675×1024 kg; 0.815 Earths;
Mean density	5.243 g/cm3
Surface gravity	8.87 m/s2; 0.904 g;
Escape velocity	10.36 km/s (6.44 mi/s)
Sidereal rotation period	−243.025 d (retrograde)
Equatorial rotation velocity	6.52 km/h (1.81 m/s)
Axial tilt	2.64° (for retrograde rotation); 177.36° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension	ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:RA; 272.76°;
North pole declination	67.16°
Albedo	0.689 (geometric); 0.76 (Bond);
Apparent magnitude	−4.92 to −2.98
Angular diameter	9.7″–66.0″
Atmosphere
Surface pressure	92 bar (9.2 MPa); 91 atm
Composition by volume	96.5% carbon dioxide; 3.5% nitrogen; 0.015% sulfur dioxide; 0.0070% argon; 0.0020% water vapour; 0.0017% carbon monoxide; 0.0012% helium; 0.0007% neon; Trace carbonyl sulfide; Trace hydrogen chloride; Trace hydrogen fluoride;
	↑ Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts Ishtar Terra in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the right-hand rule for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the southern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°. ;

ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ: ᱾

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

↑ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Lexico
ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:MW
↑ "Cytherean". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
↑ "Venerean, Venerian". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
↑ ^᱔.᱐ ^᱔.᱑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named VSOP87
↑ ^᱕.᱐ ^᱕.᱑ ^᱕.᱒ ^᱕.᱓ ^᱕.᱔ ^᱕.᱕ ^᱕.᱖ ^᱕.᱗ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named fact
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named meanplane
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named horizons
↑ ^᱘.᱐ ^᱘.᱑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Seidelmann2007
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Konopliv1999
↑ "Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics". NASA. 5 ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2008. Retrieved 26 ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ 2015.
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named iauwg_ccrsps2000
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mallama_et_al
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Haus_et_al
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mallama_and_Hilton

ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:<ref> tag defined in <references> has no name attribute.

ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

[11] Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts Ishtar Terra in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the right-hand rule for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the southern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°.

[1] ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Lexico
ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:MW

[2] "Cytherean". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[3] "Venerean, Venerian". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[VSOP87-4] ᱔.᱐ ^᱔.᱑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named VSOP87

[fact-5] ᱕.᱐ ^᱕.᱑ ^᱕.᱒ ^᱕.᱓ ^᱕.᱔ ^᱕.᱕ ^᱕.᱖ ^᱕.᱗ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named fact

[meanplane-6] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named meanplane

[horizons-7] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named horizons

[Seidelmann2007-8] ᱘.᱐ ^᱘.᱑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Seidelmann2007

[Konopliv1999-9] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Konopliv1999

[10] "Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics". NASA. 5 ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2008. Retrieved 26 ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ 2015.

[iauwg_ccrsps2000-12] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named iauwg_ccrsps2000

[Mallama_et_al-13] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mallama_et_al

[Haus_et_al-14] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Haus_et_al

[Mallama_and_Hilton-15] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mallama_and_Hilton

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ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

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