ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ

Saturn
	Pictured in natural color approaching equinox, photographed by Cassini in July 2008; the dot in the bottom left corner is Titan
Designations
Pronunciation	/ˈsætərn/
Named after	Saturn
Adjectives	Saturnian /səˈtɜrniən/, Cronian / Kronian /ˈkroʊniən/
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch J2000.0
Aphelion	1,514.50 million km (10.1238 AU)
Perihelion	1,352.55 million km (9.0412 AU)
Semi-major axis	1,433.53 million km (9.5826 AU)
Eccentricity	0.0565
Orbital period	29.4571 yr; 10,759.22 d; 24,491.07 Saturnian solar days;
Synodic period	378.09 days
Average orbital speed	9.68 km/s (6.01 mi/s)
Mean anomaly	317.020°
Inclination	2.485° to ecliptic; 5.51° to Sun's equator; 0.93° to invariable plane;
Longitude of ascending node	113.665°
Argument of perihelion	339.392°
Known satellites	82 with formal designations; innumerable additional moonlets.
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	58,232 km (36,184 mi)
Equatorial radius	60,268 km (37,449 mi); 9.449 Earths;
Polar radius	54,364 km (33,780 mi); 8.552 Earths;
Flattening	0.09796
Surface area	4.27×1010 km2 (1.65×1010 sq mi); 83.703 Earths;
Volume	8.2713×1014 km3 (1.9844×1014 cu mi); 763.59 Earths;
Mass	5.6834×1026 kg; 95.159 Earths;
Mean density	0.687 g/cm3 (0.0248 lb/cu in) (less than water)
Surface gravity	10.44 m/s2 (34.3 ft/s2); 1.065 g;
Moment of inertia factor	0.22
Escape velocity	35.5 km/s (22.1 mi/s)
Sidereal rotation period	ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:RA ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:+-
Equatorial rotation velocity	9.87 km/s (6.13 mi/s; 35,500 km/h)
Axial tilt	26.73° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension	40.589°; ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:RA
North pole declination	83.537°
Albedo	0.342 (Bond); 0.499 (geometric);
Apparent magnitude	−0.55 to +1.17
Angular diameter	14.5″ to 20.1″ (excludes rings)
Atmosphere
Surface pressure	140 kPa
Scale height	59.5 km (37.0 mi)
96.3%±2.4%	hydrogen (H; 2)
3.25%±2.4%	helium (He)
0.45%±0.2%	methane (CH; 4)
0.0125%±0.0075%	ammonia (NH; 3)
0.0110%±0.0058%	hydrogen deuteride (HD)
0.0007%±0.00015%	ethane (C; 2H; 6)

ᱵᱟᱷᱨᱤ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named walter2003
↑ "Saturnian". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
↑ "Enabling Exploration with Small Radioisotope Power Systems" (PDF). NASA. ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2016. Retrieved 26 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Müller; et al. (2010). "Azimuthal plasma flow in the Kronian magnetosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research. 115: A08203.
↑ "Cronian". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CSeligman
↑ ^᱗.᱐ ^᱗.᱑ ^᱗.᱒ ^᱗.᱓ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named VSOP87
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named meanplane
↑ ^᱙.᱐ ^᱙.᱑ ^᱙.᱒ ^᱙.᱓ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named fact
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nasafact
↑ Fortney, J.J.; Helled, R.; Nettlemann, N.; Stevenson, D.J.; Marley, M.S.; Hubbard, W.B.; Iess, L. (6 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2018). "The Interior of Saturn". In Baines, K.H.; Flasar, F.M.; Krupp, N.; Stallard, T. Saturn in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–68. ISBN 978-1-108-68393-7.
↑ McCartney, Gretchen; Wendel, JoAnna (18 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2019). "Scientists Finally Know What Time It Is on Saturn". NASA. Retrieved 18 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2019.
↑ Mankovich, Christopher; et al. (17 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2019). "Cassini Ring Seismology as a Probe of Saturn's Interior. I. Rigid Rotation". The Astrophysical Journal. 871 (1): 1. arXiv:1805.10286 . Bibcode:2019ApJ...871....1M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf798.
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hanel_et_al
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mallama_et_al
↑ ^᱑᱖.᱐ ^᱑᱖.᱑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mallama_and_Hilton
↑ Knecht, Robin (24 ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ 2005). "On The Atmospheres Of Different Planets" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ 2017. Retrieved 14 ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:<ref> tag defined in <references> has no name attribute.

ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:<ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

[walter2003-1] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named walter2003

[2] "Saturnian". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[3] "Enabling Exploration with Small Radioisotope Power Systems" (PDF). NASA. ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2016. Retrieved 26 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[4] Müller; et al. (2010). "Azimuthal plasma flow in the Kronian magnetosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research. 115: A08203.

[5] "Cronian". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[CSeligman-6] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CSeligman

[VSOP87-7] ᱗.᱐ ^᱗.᱑ ^᱗.᱒ ^᱗.᱓ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named VSOP87

[meanplane-8] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named meanplane

[fact-9] ᱙.᱐ ^᱙.᱑ ^᱙.᱒ ^᱙.᱓ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named fact

[nasafact-11] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nasafact

[Fortney2018-13] Fortney, J.J.; Helled, R.; Nettlemann, N.; Stevenson, D.J.; Marley, M.S.; Hubbard, W.B.; Iess, L. (6 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2018). "The Interior of Saturn". In Baines, K.H.; Flasar, F.M.; Krupp, N.; Stallard, T. Saturn in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–68. ISBN 978-1-108-68393-7.

[NASA-20190118-14] McCartney, Gretchen; Wendel, JoAnna (18 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2019). "Scientists Finally Know What Time It Is on Saturn". NASA. Retrieved 18 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2019.

[APJ-20190117-15] Mankovich, Christopher; et al. (17 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2019). "Cassini Ring Seismology as a Probe of Saturn's Interior. I. Rigid Rotation". The Astrophysical Journal. 871 (1): 1. arXiv:1805.10286 . Bibcode:2019ApJ...871....1M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf798.

[Hanel_et_al-16] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hanel_et_al

[Mallama_et_al-17] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mallama_et_al

[Mallama_and_Hilton-18] ᱑᱖.᱐ ^᱑᱖.᱑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mallama_and_Hilton

[19] Knecht, Robin (24 ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ 2005). "On The Atmospheres Of Different Planets" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ 2017. Retrieved 14 ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

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ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ

ᱵᱟᱷᱨᱤ ᱰᱷᱟᱸᱪᱟ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

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