ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ
| ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ | |
|---|---|
| ᱒᱑᱒,᱕᱐᱐[ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ] | |
| ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | |
| Eastern Bhutan (Lhuntse, Trashiyangtse, Mongar, Pemagatshel, Trashigang, Samdrup Jongkhar) Southwest China (Tibet Autonomous Region) Northeast India (Assam and Arunachal Pradesh (Monpa tribes: Khalaktang, Dirang; Memba tribe: Tuting)) | |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | |
| Tshangla · ᱢᱚᱱᱯᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ · Dzongkha · Tibetan Languages | |
| ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ | |
| Tibetan Buddhism · Bon | |
| ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ | |
| Monpa · Ngalop · Tibetan people |
ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ (ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ: ཤར་ཕྱོགས་པ, Wylie: shar phyogs pa; "Easterner") ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱴᱟᱱ, ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱡᱤᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾[᱑]
ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱚ-ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱚᱭᱤᱰ [dubious – discuss] ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,[᱒] c. ᱑᱒᱐᱐ – ᱥᱤ᱾ ᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ ᱥᱤ᱾[᱓] Van Driem (1993) ᱫᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱯᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ (pre-Ngalop)ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾[᱔] ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾[᱕][᱖]
ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱗᱐᱘,᱕᱐᱐ ᱾ [᱗] ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱯ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱘]ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱯ, ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ 1980 ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ 72% ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾[᱘][᱙] ᱑᱙᱘᱑ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ [᱑᱐] ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱵᱩᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱵᱷᱚᱴᱮ" ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱕᱐% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱓᱕᱔,᱒᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾[᱗]ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱓:᱒ ᱚᱱᱥᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱒᱑᱒,᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱤᱥᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛᱚ-ᱵᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ; ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱳᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾[᱑᱑] ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱥᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱡᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱳᱰᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱝᱜᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱯᱟ (ᱢᱮᱱᱵᱟ) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱰᱚᱜ, ᱱᱤᱝᱪᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱱᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱥᱟᱝᱜᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱠᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾[᱑᱒]
ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱞᱟᱥ-ᱟᱨ-ᱵᱟᱨᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,[᱘] ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ 1969 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱑᱓]
ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱥᱩᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱴᱨᱤᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱞ (matrilineal) ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱭᱟ᱾[᱑᱔]
ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱟᱢ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱛᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱭᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱤᱢᱤᱡᱥᱟᱢ (Animism)ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱭᱟ᱾[᱘]
ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]- ↑ Schottli, Jivanta; Mitra, Subrata K.; Wolf, Siegried (2015-05-08). A Political and Economic Dictionary of South Asia. ISBN 9781135355760.
- ↑ Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. New York: Routledge. p. 218. ISBN 1-57958-468-3.
- ↑ "Culture of Bhutan". Countries and Their Cultures. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ↑ "U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1999 - Bhutan". United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 1 January 1999. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
- ↑ van Driem, George L. (1993). "Language Policy in Bhutan". London: SOAS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ↑ van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. p. 915 et seq.
- ↑ ᱗.᱐ ᱗.᱑ Bhutan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ↑ ᱘.᱐ ᱘.᱑ ᱘.᱒ ᱘.᱓ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country study
- ↑ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country study
- ↑ "Bhutan Backgrounder". SATP online. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 2002-09-20. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
- ↑ "Languages of Bhutan". Ethnologue Online. Dallas: SIL International. 2006. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ↑ Blench, Roger (2014). Sorting out Monpa: The relationships of the Monpa languages of Arunachal Pradesh.
- ↑ "Shifting Cultivation in Bhutan: A Gradual Approach to Modifying Land Use Patterns". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online. FAO. 1987. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
- ↑ "Fact Sheet Bhutan. Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online. FAO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-18. Retrieved 8 Sep 2017.