ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱰ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ

ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱰ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ
ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱰ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ
	Bernard Natan; Bernard Natan on trial (filmed against his wishes)
ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ	Natan Tannenzaft or Natan Tanenzapf; ᱑᱔ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱘᱘᱖; Iași, Kingdom of Romania
ᱜᱩᱨ	October ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Death year (aged 56); Auschwitz-Birkenau, German-occupied Poland
ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮ	Execution?

ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱰ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱱᱮᱱᱡᱟᱯᱷᱴ , 14 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ 1886ᱼ1942 ᱥᱮ 1943ᱼ1943ᱼ1920 ᱟᱨ 1930 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱᱼᱨᱚᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱒]

ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱡᱚᱠᱚᱱᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱳᱡᱚᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾^[᱓] ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 1929 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱰᱤᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ 1935 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱦᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾^[᱔]^[᱕]^[᱓] 1942 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱚᱪᱩᱭᱤᱴᱡ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴᱮᱨᱮᱱᱴᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾^[᱖] ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾^[᱕]

ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ

1886 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱭᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤ ᱟᱭᱳᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱱᱮᱱᱡᱟᱯᱷᱴ (ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱴᱟᱱᱮᱱᱡᱚᱯᱯᱷ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 1900 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ 1909 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱛᱮ 2 ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱓] ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱳᱯᱨᱳᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱚᱭᱤᱥ ᱰᱤ ᱜᱩᱭᱨᱮᱣᱩ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 1918 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱒]

1921 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱥᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ " ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱨᱰ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ " ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱕] ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱮᱢᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱗]

ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫᱼᱥᱚᱨᱥᱚᱢ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱾

ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱥᱴ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱰᱤᱡᱟᱭᱱᱟᱨ , ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ 1920 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱢᱟᱩᱱᱴ ᱯᱤᱠᱪᱟᱨᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱝᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ 1929 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱯᱤᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ , 1924 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 1926 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱚᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱩᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱡ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱘]^[᱖]

ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ

1929 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱵᱨᱩᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱟᱰ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ' ᱨᱮᱯᱤᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ' (ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ 25 ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱ) ᱫᱚ 50 ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱠ ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱠᱤ ᱥᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ ᱵᱳᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱳᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱮ ᱨᱮ 10 ᱥᱟᱭᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱦᱮᱼᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ (ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱞᱦᱮᱼᱥᱤᱱᱟᱢᱟᱭ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱾^[᱖]

ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱴᱳᱰᱤᱣᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱯᱮᱛᱦᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱜᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱳᱰᱤᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱣᱰᱤ ᱰᱨᱟᱣ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱳᱡᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ 2 ᱥᱟᱭᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ' ᱨᱩᱥᱴᱟᱨ ' ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱰᱨᱮᱯᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱨᱰᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ , ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱴᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱲᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱛᱦᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱮᱰᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱨᱳᱠᱥ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱳᱥᱤᱴᱮ ᱰᱮᱥ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱡᱚᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱖] ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱼᱥᱟᱠᱷᱤᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱳᱜᱥᱟᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱳᱞᱳᱯᱷᱳᱵᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱕]^[᱖]^[᱙]

ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ-ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱕ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱠ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱖᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ (ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ) ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱱᱤᱣᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾

ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱭᱳᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ 1929 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱩᱰ ᱯᱷᱤᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱟᱩᱱᱰ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱡᱨᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱛᱦᱮᱼᱨᱤᱵᱷᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱪᱩᱞᱤᱴᱮᱥ ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱭᱱᱥᱼ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱡᱳᱜᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱛᱷᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱᱼᱯᱚᱛᱦᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱠᱨᱮᱴᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱥ (ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱠᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱳᱣᱟᱭᱰᱤᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱴ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱖]

ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ

ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱦᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱨᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱵᱚᱞᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱱᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ 1942 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 25 ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱚᱪᱩᱭᱤᱴᱡ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 1943 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾^[᱓]

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

↑ Rossel-Kirschen, André. "Bernard Natan". Les independents due premier siecle. Retrieved 27 July 2023 – via LIPS.org.
↑ ^᱒.᱐ ^᱒.᱑ "Ein vergessenes Leben" [A Forgotten Life]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ). 15 August 2016. ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; name "sz" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^᱓.᱐ ^᱓.᱑ ^᱓.᱒ ^᱓.᱓ Cairns, David & Duane, Paul.
↑ Hutchinson, Pamela (14 December 2015). "In need of rehabilitation: Bernard Natan, the Holocaust victim who saved France's film industry". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
↑ ^᱕.᱐ ^᱕.᱑ ^᱕.᱒ ^᱕.᱓ Slade, Joseph (Summer–Fall 1993). "Bernard Natan: France's Legendary Pornographer". Journal of Film and Video. 45 (2–3): 72–90. JSTOR 20688007. ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; name "Slade" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^᱖.᱐ ^᱖.᱑ ^᱖.᱒ ^᱖.᱓ ^᱖.᱔ ^᱖.᱕ Willems, Gilles (April–June 1995). "Les Origines du Groupe Pathé-Natan et le Modele Americain". Vingtième Siècle. 46. Retrieved 27 July 2023. ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; name "Origins" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Rossel-Kirschen and Willems
↑ Willems, Gilles.
↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named History

[Bio-1] Rossel-Kirschen, André. "Bernard Natan". Les independents due premier siecle. Retrieved 27 July 2023 – via LIPS.org.

[sz-2] ᱒.᱐ ^᱒.᱑ "Ein vergessenes Leben" [A Forgotten Life]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ). 15 August 2016. ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; name "sz" defined multiple times with different content

[CairnsDuane-3] ᱓.᱐ ^᱓.᱑ ^᱓.᱒ ^᱓.᱓ Cairns, David & Duane, Paul.

[Hutchinson-4] Hutchinson, Pamela (14 December 2015). "In need of rehabilitation: Bernard Natan, the Holocaust victim who saved France's film industry". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2018.

[Slade-5] ᱕.᱐ ^᱕.᱑ ^᱕.᱒ ^᱕.᱓ Slade, Joseph (Summer–Fall 1993). "Bernard Natan: France's Legendary Pornographer". Journal of Film and Video. 45 (2–3): 72–90. JSTOR 20688007. ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; name "Slade" defined multiple times with different content

[Origins-6] ᱖.᱐ ^᱖.᱑ ^᱖.᱒ ^᱖.᱓ ^᱖.᱔ ^᱖.᱕ Willems, Gilles (April–June 1995). "Les Origines du Groupe Pathé-Natan et le Modele Americain". Vingtième Siècle. 46. Retrieved 27 July 2023. ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; name "Origins" defined multiple times with different content

[7] Rossel-Kirschen and Willems

[Rapid-Film-8] Willems, Gilles.

[History-9] ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named History

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[᱙]