ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ(ᱴᱟᱠᱟ)
ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ(ᱴᱟᱠᱟ) (symbol ₹; code: INR) ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱯᱩᱭᱥᱟᱹ (ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱞᱤ; ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱩᱞᱟᱨ: ᱯᱩᱭᱥᱟᱹ) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ (Reserve Bank of India) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱳᱞ(ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ) ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ (manage) ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱽ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱠᱴ, ᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱟᱹᱛ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱱᱤ (ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱚᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱖ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ) ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟ (ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨ ᱜᱳᱭᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ , ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ , ᱯᱟᱱᱤᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ , ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱫᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ , ᱯᱟᱱᱱᱤ ᱨᱩᱯᱟ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ (ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱳᱰᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱳᱰᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱳᱰᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱳᱰᱟᱱ ᱾ [᱑᱒]ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱢᱳᱨᱡᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱨᱟᱴ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱨᱚᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱢᱳᱨᱡᱚ (340ᱼ290 ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱚᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ) ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱱᱚᱠᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱚᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟᱨᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ (ᱥᱩᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨᱩᱯᱚ), ᱛᱚᱢᱚᱨᱩᱯᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱰ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ (ᱥᱤᱥᱚᱨᱩᱯᱚᱫᱽ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟᱼ᱑᱕᱔᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱔᱕ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱗᱘ ᱫᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱳᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑]
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱖ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱟᱵᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱾ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱳᱭᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱒]
ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱢᱳᱣᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱨᱟᱴ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱨᱚᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱢᱳᱣᱨᱭᱟ (᱓᱔᱐ᱼ᱒᱙᱐ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱚᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ/ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ) ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱱᱚᱠᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨᱛᱷᱚᱥᱟᱥᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱨ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟᱨᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ (ᱥᱩᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱨᱩᱯᱚ) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ (ᱥᱤᱥᱚᱨᱩᱯᱚ ') ᱾ ᱨᱩᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ' ᱨᱩᱯᱟ ᱥᱮ ' ᱥᱮᱯ ' , ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ rūpya ᱨᱩᱯᱭᱟ ' ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ' ᱨᱩᱯ ' ᱾[᱓]
ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱨᱚᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱥᱚᱛᱨᱟᱯ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ [᱔]ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯᱚᱠ (ᱥᱚᱱᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱩᱯᱚᱠ) ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱳᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱒᱐ ᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱾[᱕]
ᱫᱟ ᱥᱤ ᱤᱭᱩ ᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
᱑᱕᱔᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱔᱕ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗᱘ ᱫᱟᱹᱨ (ᱥᱮ ᱑᱑ᱹ᱕᱓ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ) ᱳᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱫᱤ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ [᱖][᱗]ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱨ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱕᱐:᱒ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱾ , ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [᱘]ᱠᱟᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ (᱑᱗᱗᱐ᱼ᱑᱘᱓᱒), ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱨᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ (᱑᱗᱗᱓ᱼ᱑᱗᱗᱕), ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱮᱥᱴᱤᱝᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ (᱑᱗᱘᱔ᱼ᱙᱑) ᱾ [citation needed]
᱑᱘᱐᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ
[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
| ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ (1820)
–1900)[᱙] | ||
|---|---|---|
| ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱾ | ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨ (ᱯᱮᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱤᱭ) | ᱜᱚᱞᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ (ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱯᱮᱥᱤ) |
| 1850 | 24.3 | 22.7 |
| 1851 | 24.1 | 22.7 |
| 1852 | 23.9 | 22.5 |
| 1853 | 24.1 | 22.8 |
| 1854 | 23.1 | 22.8 |
| 1855 | 24.2 | 22.8 |
| 1856 | 24.2 | 22.8 |
| 1857 | 24.6 | 22.9 |
| 1858 | 25.7 | 22.8 |
| 1859 | 26.0 | 23.0 |
| 1860 | 26.0 | 22.9 |
| 1861 | 23.9 | 22.6 |
| 1862 | 23.9 | 22.8 |
| 1863 | 23.9 | 22.8 |
| 1864 | 23.9 | 22.8 |
| 1865 | 23.8 | 22.7 |
| 1866 | 23.1 | 22.7 |
| 1867 | 23.2 | 22.5 |
| 1868 | 23.2 | 22.5 |
| 1869 | 23.3 | 22.5 |
| 1870 | 22.5 | 22.5 |
| 1871 | 23.1 | 22.5 |
| 1872 | 22.7 | 22.4 |
| 1873 | 22.3 | 22.0 |
| 1874 | 22.1 | 21.6 |
| 1875 | 21.6 | 21.1 |
| 1876 | 20.5 | 19.6 |
| 1877 | 20.8 | 20.4 |
| 1878 | 19.8 | 19.5 |
| 1879 | 20.0 | 19.0 |
| 1880 | 19.9 | 19.4 |
| 1881 | 19.9 | 19.2 |
| 1882 | 19.5 | 19.3 |
| 1883 | 19.5 | 18.7 |
| 1884 | 19.3 | 18.8 |
| 1885 | 18.2 | 18.0 |
| 1886 | 17.4 | 16.8 |
| 1887 | 16.9 | 16.6 |
| 1888 | 16.4 | 15.9 |
| 1889 | 16.5 | 15.8 |
| 1890 | 18.0 | 17.7 |
| 1891 | 16.7 | 16.7 |
| 1892 | 15.0 | 14.8 |
| 1893 | 14.5 | 13.2 |
| 1894 | 13.1 | 10.7 |
| 1895 | 13.6 | 11.1 |
| 1896 | 14.4 | 11.5 |
| 1897 | 15.3 | 10.2 |
| 1898 | 16.0 | 10.0 |
| 1899 | 16.0 | 10.2 |
| 1900 | 16.0 | 10.4 |
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱨᱰᱩ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱹᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱯᱟᱨ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱠᱳᱞᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱼᱵᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ " ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱩᱞ " ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱰᱮᱨᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱟᱹᱨᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ , ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷᱩᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱙᱗ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱮᱨᱟᱣᱩ ᱾[᱑᱐]
᱑᱘᱒᱕ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱟᱨᱼᱤᱱᱼᱠᱳᱥᱤᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱵᱚᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱞᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱣᱤᱱᱮᱡ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱳᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱲᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱓᱕ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱩᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱴ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱱᱳᱼᱢᱟᱞᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱐᱕ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱨᱰ ᱞᱤᱯᱚᱨᱵᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱳᱼᱢᱚᱞᱟᱞᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾
᱑᱘᱕᱗ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱟᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱢᱲᱟᱣᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱕᱑ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱰᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱭᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱥᱳᱣᱨᱚᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱖᱔ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ (ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱥᱳᱢᱳᱨᱚᱱᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ) ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱥᱳᱢᱨᱳᱱᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱥᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱰ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱞᱤᱝ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ , ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱞᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱹᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱗᱓ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ , ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜᱼᱟ , ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱘᱙᱐ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
- ↑ "Mogul Coinage". RBI Monetary Museum. Reserve Bank of India. Archived from the original on 5 October 2002.
Sher Shah issued a coin of silver which was termed the Rupiya. This weighed 178 grains and was the precursor of the modern rupee. It remained largely unchanged till the early 20th Century
- ↑ XIV International Economic History Congress, 2006
- ↑ "A short history of ancient Indian coinage". worldcoincatalog.com. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ↑ Allan & Stern (2008)
- ↑ "Rupaka, Rūpaka: 23 definitions". Wisdom Library. 3 August 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ↑ "Etymology of rupee". Online Etymology Dictionary. 20 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
- ↑ "Mughal Coinage". RBI Monetary Museum. Reserve Bank of India. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008.
- ↑ "Pre-Colonial India & Princely States: Coinage". RBI Monetary Museum. Reserve Bank of India. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ↑ Andrew, A. Piatt (August 1901). "Indian Currency Problems of the Last Decade". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. pp. 483–514. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
- ↑ W. B. Sutch, The Long Depression, 1865–1895.