ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ (ᱡᱟᱹᱛ)

ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ

ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜᱼᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱡᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱡᱨᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱭᱥᱚᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ , ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ , ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ , ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ (ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱹᱣᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾[᱑][᱒] ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱼᱫᱩᱱᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ (ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ) ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱾[᱓][᱔]

ᱤᱴᱤᱢᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱜᱩᱡᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ , ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ
ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ 1860 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱚᱣᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱰᱮᱞᱣᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱨᱣᱟᱞ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ-ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱭᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ, ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱥᱱᱚᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ (ᱵᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱝ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱬᱛᱤ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱤᱥᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱞᱤ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾


ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ, ᱵᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱴᱷᱥᱠᱟᱞᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱭᱯᱷᱚᱨ, ᱮᱠᱟᱶᱩᱴᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱢᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱯᱷᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾

ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

  • ᱯᱮᱹᱢᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱭᱪᱟᱱᱫᱽ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳᱢᱵᱮ ᱥᱴᱚᱠ ᱮᱠᱥᱪᱮᱱᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾
  • ᱞᱟᱞᱞᱟ ᱞᱚᱡᱚᱯᱚᱛ ᱨᱟᱭ , ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾
  • ᱢᱚᱦᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ , ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾
  • ᱢᱚᱦᱤᱛᱤᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾
  • ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱾
    • ᱟᱱᱟᱥᱩᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱵᱟᱭ ᱾
    • ᱚᱢᱵᱟᱞᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱵᱟᱭ ᱾[᱕]
    • ᱵᱤᱠᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱵᱷᱟᱭ , ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱹᱫᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭ ᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾
  • ᱨᱟᱢ ᱢᱚᱱᱳᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱳᱦᱤᱭᱟ , ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾
  • ᱫᱤᱨᱩᱵᱦᱟᱭ ᱚᱢᱵᱟᱱᱤ 20 ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾
  • ᱚᱢᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱦᱚ , ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾[᱖]
  • ᱵᱤᱨᱞᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱾
  • ᱚᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟᱹᱨᱤᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱤᱵᱚᱨᱤᱱᱰ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱾[᱗]
  • ᱵᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱚᱫ , ᱞᱟᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱚᱫ ᱡᱚᱭᱵᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱵᱤᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳᱞᱤᱡᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱾

ᱵᱟᱬᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

  • ᱵᱳᱭᱥᱚ ᱾

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

  1. Citations mentioning vaishya caste:
  2. Other citations for native and diaspora region
  3. Hardiman, David (1996). "Usury, Dearth and Famine in Western India". Past & Present. 152 (152): 113–156. doi:10.1093/past/152.1.113. ISSN 0031-2746. JSTOR 651058.
  4. Cheesman, David (1982). "'The Omnipresent Bania:' Rural Moneylenders in Nineteenth-Century Sind". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 445–462. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015262. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 312116.
  5. ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  6. Venugopal, Vasudha; Nag, Jayatri (22 March 2021). "West Bengal polls: BJP manifesto promises women safety, jobs, free transport, health care". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  7. "Kejriwal makes common cause with traders: I'm Baniya too". The Indian Express. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2023. I come from a Baniya family. Most of my relatives are businessmen. I know that it is not easy to do business in this country.