ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

Khowar
Khowar
کھووار
	Khowar written in the Khowar alphabet in Nastaliq style.
ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ	Pakistan
ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ	Chitral District
ᱡᱟᱹᱛ	Kho people
ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ	Expression error: ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱚᱜᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ "᱒".
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Chitrali Khowar; ; ; ;
ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ	Khowar alphabet (In Nastaliq style.)
ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ
ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ	Association for the Promotion of Khowar
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ
ISO 639-3	khw
ᱜᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ	khow1242
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ	59-AAB-aa
	Khowar is a minor language of Pakistan which is mainly spoken in Chitral, it is given a space in this map.
	Areas where Khowar is spoken.

ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ (Khowar: کھووار, romanized: khowār, IPA: [khoːwaːr]), ᱥᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞᱤ, ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱰᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱞᱜᱤᱛ-ᱵᱚᱞᱴᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱯᱤᱥ-ᱭᱟᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱤᱡᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱣᱟᱴ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱥᱚᱦᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱮᱥᱚᱣᱟᱨ, ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ, ᱞᱟᱦᱳᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱪᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱣᱟᱨ). ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞᱤ (ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱥᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱠᱷᱥᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱚᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱘᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴᱱᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱨᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱟᱥᱤᱱ (ᱜᱤᱞᱜᱤᱛ-ᱵᱟᱞᱛᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱔]

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱢᱩᱞᱠᱷᱳᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱨᱠᱳᱣ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱳᱨᱡᱮᱱᱥᱴᱭᱟᱨᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱥᱛᱩᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱔ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱟᱠᱷᱥᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱚᱨ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱚᱵᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ

ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱢᱚᱨᱜᱮᱱᱥᱴᱭᱟᱨᱱ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, "ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"

ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱕]^[᱖]

ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		ɑ

ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ /ɑː/, /ɛː/, /iː/, /ɔː/, ᱟᱨ /uː/ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ, "ᱵᱷᱳᱠᱮᱞ-ᱞᱮᱝᱜᱽᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱮᱥᱴᱤᱯᱷ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾" ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱴᱨᱳᱯᱷᱞᱮᱠᱥ (retroflex) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ

		Labial	Coronal	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Post- velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Stop	voiceless	p	t	ʈ		k	q
	voiced	b	d	ɖ		g
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	ʈʰ		kʰ
Affricate	voiceless		ts	ʈʂ	tɕ
	voiced		dz	ɖʐ	dʑ
	aspirated		tsʰ	ʈʂʰ	tɕʰ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʂ	ɕ	x		h
Fricative	voiced		z	ʐ	ʑ	ɣ
Approximant		ʋ	l(ʲ) ɫ		j	(w)
Rhotic			ɾ

/x ɣ h ʋ ɾ/ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱳᱯᱷᱳᱱ ᱫᱚ [χ ʁ ɦ w ɹ] ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ /q x ɣ f/ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱤ. ᱟᱭ. ᱟᱭ. ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱳ-ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱰᱟᱨᱰᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

↑ "Khowar language is losing its essence -Faizan Aziz - Chitral Times" (in ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). 2 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2021. Retrieved 1 ᱢᱮ 2023. Khowar is one of the regional languages of Pakistan. It is spoken in different parts of Pakistan and more than 0.8 million people speak Khowar over in Chitral, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Swat Valley. Meanwhile, in Chitral, Khowar is considered as a lingua franca or the main communicative language of the area.
↑ Faizi, Inayatullah. "Development of Khowar as a Literacy Language, Results of interaction between linguists and language community: Case study in Chitral, Northern Pakistan" (PDF). NWFP-Pakistan: Govt Degree College Chitral.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Khowar". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (help)
↑ https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-2&pages=584#page/2/mode/1up
↑ Edelman, D. I. (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). p. 210.
↑ Liljegren, H.; Khan, A. (2017). "Khowar". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 47 (2): 219–229. doi:10.1017/S0025100316000220. S2CID 232348235

[1] "Khowar language is losing its essence -Faizan Aziz - Chitral Times" (in ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). 2 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2021. Retrieved 1 ᱢᱮ 2023. Khowar is one of the regional languages of Pakistan. It is spoken in different parts of Pakistan and more than 0.8 million people speak Khowar over in Chitral, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Swat Valley. Meanwhile, in Chitral, Khowar is considered as a lingua franca or the main communicative language of the area.

[2] Faizi, Inayatullah. "Development of Khowar as a Literacy Language, Results of interaction between linguists and language community: Case study in Chitral, Northern Pakistan" (PDF). NWFP-Pakistan: Govt Degree College Chitral.

[Glottolog-3] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Khowar". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (help)

[4] ttps://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-2&pages=584#page/2/mode/1up

[5] Edelman, D. I. (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). p. 210.

[6] Liljegren, H.; Khan, A. (2017). "Khowar". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 47 (2): 219–229. doi:10.1017/S0025100316000220. S2CID 232348235

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