ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ

ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ
ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱩᱭᱜᱷᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ
شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى
新疆维吾尔自治区
ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese新疆维吾尔自治区
(Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū)
 • AbbreviationXJ / 新 (Pinyin: Xīn)
 • Uyghurᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Ug
 • Uyghur transl.Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayoni
Map showing the location of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Map showing the location of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Coordinates: 41°N 85°E / 41°N 85°E / 41; 85Coordinates: 41°N 85°E / 41°N 85°E / 41; 85
ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ
  • 新, xīn ("new")
  • 疆, jiāng ("frontier" or "borderland")
Capital
(and largest city)		Ürümqi
Divisions14 prefectures, 99 counties, 1005 townships
ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ
 • CCP SecretaryChen Quanguo
 • ChairmanShohrat Zakir
ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ [᱑]
 • ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ1664897 ᱠᱤᱢᱤ২ (642820 ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ)
ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱸᱠ1st
ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ (K2)8611 ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (28251 ᱯᱷᱩᱴ)
ᱦᱩᱱᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ (Lake Ayding[᱒])-154 ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (-505 ᱯᱷᱩᱴ)
ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ(2010 Census)[᱓]
 • ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ᱒᱑,᱘᱑᱕,᱘᱑᱕
 • ᱮᱥᱴᱤᱢᱮᱴ (2018)[᱔]᱒᱔,᱘᱗᱐,᱐᱐᱐
 • ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱞ25th
 • ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ15/ᱠᱤᱢᱤ2 (40/ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱤᱞ)
 • ᱰᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱞ29th
Demographics[᱕]
 • Ethnic
 composition (2010 Census)
 • Languages
 and dialects
ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ ᱓᱑᱖᱖ ᱠᱳᱰCN-XJ
GDP (2017 [᱗])CNY 1.1 trillion
$162 billion (26th)
 - per capitaCNY 45,099
USD 6,680 (21st)
HDI (2018)0.731[᱘] (high) (27th)
ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴXinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ (ᱩᱭᱜᱷᱩᱨ: شىنجاڭ‎‎, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: Xinjiang, ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ: 新疆) ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱩᱭᱜᱷᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱑᱖ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ (᱖᱔᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱪᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱒.᱕ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱤᱨᱜᱤᱡᱽᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱠᱳᱨᱟᱢ, ᱠᱩᱱᱞᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱥᱟᱭ ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱳᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱫᱟᱠᱷ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱜᱟᱱᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱞᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ, ᱩᱭᱜᱷᱩᱨ, ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱷ, ᱠᱤᱨᱜᱤᱡᱽ, ᱦᱟᱱ, ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ, ᱦᱩᱭ, ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠ, ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ, ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱱᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱱᱚᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾

ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

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ᱢᱟᱧᱪᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ "ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ "ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ" ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱭᱜᱷᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱭᱜᱷᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱦᱚᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱᱟ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ (ᱟᱨᱟᱜ) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱱ (ᱞᱤᱞ)
Northern Xinjiang (Junggar Basin) (Yellow), Eastern Xinjiang- Turpan Depression (Turpan Prefecture and Hami Prefecture) (Red) and Southern Xinjiang/the Tarim Basin (Blue)
Physical map showing the separation of Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin (Taklamakan) by the Tien Shan Mountains

ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱥᱮᱱ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱱᱫᱳᱞᱳᱱ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱭᱟ[᱙] ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱭᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ[᱑᱐][᱑᱑] ᱾ ᱩᱭᱜᱷᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱚᱜ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱱᱩᱱᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱤ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾

ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

  • Colin Renfrew, Before Silk: Unsolved Mysteries of the Silk Road, video of lecture, Penn Museum, 13 May 2011.
  • Xinjiang Travel Information Website
  • Xinjiang Government website(ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ) and an additional government site
  • Economic profile for Xinjiang at HKTDC
  • "Xinjiang: autonomous region, China". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  • General Atlas of Xinjiang
  • Xinjiang Video Project
East Kazakhstan and Almaty Provinces,  Kazakhstan ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Altai Republic,  Russia ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Bayan-Ölgii, ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Khovd and ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Govi-Altai Provinces, ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Mongolia
Issyk Kul, Naryn and Osh Regions, ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Kyrgyzstan
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Tajikistan
Badakhshan Province,  Afghanistan 		Gansu
   Xinjiang    
ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Gilgit-Baltistan,  Pakistan
ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Jammu and Kashmir,  India
Disputed region of Aksai Chin 		Tibet Autonomous Region Qinghai

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

  1. ↑ 6-1 自然资源划 [6-1 Natural Resources] (in ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ). Statistics Bureau of Xinjiang. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  2. ↑ Mackerras, Colin; Yorke, Amanda (1991). The Cambridge handbook of contemporary China. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-521-38755-2. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
  3. ↑ Susan M. Walcott; Corey Johnson (1 November 2013). "Where Inner Asia Meets Outer China: The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China". Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea. Routledge. pp. 64–65.
  4. ↑ "National Data". Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  5. ↑ https://theasiadialogue.com/2016/03/07/spatial-results-of-the-2010-census-in-xinjiang/
  6. ↑ "China". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  7. ↑ 新疆维吾尔自治区2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [Statistical Communiqué of Xinjiang on the 2017 National Economic and Social Development] (in ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ). Statistical Bureau of Xinjiang. 25 April 2018. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  8. ↑ United Nations Development Program (2013). China Human Development Report 2013: Sustainable and Liveable Cities: Toward Ecological Urbanisation (PDF). Beijing: Translation and Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-7-5001-3754-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on ᱡᱩᱱ 11, 2014. Retrieved ᱢᱮ 14, 2014.
  9. ↑ The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur identity, Language, Policy, and Political discourse (PDF), East West center, archived (PDF) from the original on 11 अक्तूबर 2017, retrieved 3 मार्च 2014 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |archive-date= (help)। The Xinjiang conflict.
  10. ↑ Uyghur Separatist conflict, American, archived from the original on 4 ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ 2013, retrieved 3 ᱢᱟᱨᱪ 2014.
  11. ↑ Ismail, Mohammed Sa'id; Ismail, Mohammed Aziz (1960 (Hejira 1380)), Moslems in the Soviet Union and China (Privately printed pamphlet), vol. 1, Translated by U.S. Government, Joint Publications Service, Tehran, IR, p. 52 {{citation}}: |format= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |year= (help) translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, 19 ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 1960.
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