ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ

Indo-Aryan
Indo-Aryan
Indic
ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ; ᱪᱷᱮᱨ	South Asia
ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan; ;
ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ	Proto-Indo-Aryan
ᱟᱭᱮᱥᱳ ᱖᱓᱙ᱼ᱒ / ᱕	inc
ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟᱥᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ	59= (phylozone)
ᱜᱞᱚᱴᱴᱚᱞᱚᱜᱽ	indo1321
	Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. Romani, Domari, Kholosi and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map. Pashai (Dardic) Chitrali (Dardic) Shina (Dardic) Kohistani (Dardic) Kashmiri (Dardic) Punjabi (Northwestern) Sindhi (Northwestern) Rajasthani (Western) Gujarati (Western) Bhili and Khandeshi (Western) Himachali (= W. Pahari, Northern) Garhwali-Kumaoni (= C. Pahari, Northern) Nepali (= E. Pahari, Northern) Western Hindi (Central) Eastern Hindi (Central) Bihari (Eastern) Bengali-Assamese (Eastern) Oriya (Eastern) Halbi (Eastern) Marathi-Konkani (Southern) Sinhala-Maldivian (Southern) (not shown: Kunar (Dardic), Chinali-Lahuli)

ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (21st century) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱘᱐ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ^[᱒] ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ^[᱓] ᱾

ᱯᱟᱥᱟᱭ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱟᱞᱤ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

ᱥᱤᱱᱟ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

ᱠᱷᱳᱭᱥᱟᱱᱤ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ (ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ)

ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ (ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ)

ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ (ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ (ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥᱤ (ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞᱤ (= ᱯ. ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ)

ᱜᱟᱲᱣᱟᱞᱤ-ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱶᱱᱤ (= ᱛ. ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ)

ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ (= ᱥ. ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ)

ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ (ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)

ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ (ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)

ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ)

ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ-ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ)

ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ)

ᱦᱟᱞᱵᱤ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ)

ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ-ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ (ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ-ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ (ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

(ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ: ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱨ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ), ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱞᱤᱼᱞᱟᱦᱩᱞᱤ)

ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱤᱛ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱥᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ-ᱩᱨᱫᱩ (᱓᱒᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ), ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ (᱒᱔᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ (᱑᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ), ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ (᱑᱑᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ (᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ (᱕᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ (᱕᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ (᱓᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱢᱚᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ (᱓᱔ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ), ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ (᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ (᱑᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ (᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ (᱑᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ (native speakers) ᱙᱐ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ^[᱔] ᱾

ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ

ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ

ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ :

ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ
ᱥᱤᱱᱟ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ
ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱟᱞᱤ
ᱠᱳᱦᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ
ᱯᱟᱥᱟᱭ
ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱨ

ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ (ᱵᱩᱨᱩ) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ :

ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ: ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ, ᱡᱩᱢᱞᱤ, ᱰᱮᱴᱚᱞᱤ;
ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ: ᱜᱟᱲᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱣᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ;
ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ(ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞᱤ): ᱰᱳᱜᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱝᱨᱤ, ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱨᱣᱟᱦᱤ, ᱪᱩᱨᱟᱦᱤ, ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱮᱭᱟᱞᱤ, ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱥᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱮᱞᱤ, ᱜᱟᱰᱰᱤ, ᱯᱟᱝᱣᱟᱞᱤ, ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮᱞᱤ, ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱥᱩ, ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱭᱩᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ, ᱠᱩᱞᱞᱩ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱨᱤ, ᱥᱨᱢᱟᱣᱨᱤ ᱾

ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ
ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾

ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ
ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ
ᱵᱷᱤᱞ
ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥᱤ
ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱫᱤ
ᱰᱳᱢᱟᱠᱤ
ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤ

ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ)

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ: ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ (ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱩᱨᱫᱩ), ᱵᱨᱚᱡ, ᱵᱩᱱᱫᱮᱞᱤ;
ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ: ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱮᱞᱤ, ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ,

ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ: ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱩ, ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱞᱤ, ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ (ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ), ᱢᱚᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ, ᱚᱝᱜᱤᱠᱟ;
ᱦᱞᱵᱤᱠ
ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ: ᱵᱟᱞᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨᱤ, ᱜᱚᱧᱡᱟᱢᱤ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱵᱳᱰᱳ;
ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱼᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ: ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩᱯᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤ, ᱪᱟᱠᱢᱟ;

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤᱼᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ
- ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤᱠ: ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ
- ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤᱠ: ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ
ᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ
- ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ
- ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ: ᱫᱤᱦᱮᱵᱷᱤ, ᱢᱟᱦᱚᱞ ᱾

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ

ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮᱼᱵᱳᱭᱫᱤᱠ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢᱠᱚ (᱑᱕᱐᱐ᱼ᱓᱐᱐ BCE), ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱵᱳᱭᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱟᱱᱤᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ

ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ

ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ (ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ)

ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ

ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ

ᱰᱳᱢᱟᱨᱤ

ᱞᱳᱢᱟᱵᱷᱨᱮᱱ

ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤ

ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

The Indo-Aryan languages, 25 Oct 2009
The Indo-Aryan languages Colin P.Masica
Survey of the syntax of the modern Indo-Aryan languages (Rajesh Bhatt), 7 February 2003.

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Indo-Aryan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (help)
↑ "Overview of Indo-Aryan languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
↑ Various counts depend on where the line is drawn between a "dialect" and a "language".^{[ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]} Glottolog 4.1 lists 224 languages.
↑ Edwin Francis Bryant; Laurie L. Patton (2005). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Indo-Aryan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (help)

[EB-2] "Overview of Indo-Aryan languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

[3] Various counts depend on where the line is drawn between a "dialect" and a "language".^{[ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ]} Glottolog 4.1 lists 224 languages.

[4] Edwin Francis Bryant; Laurie L. Patton (2005). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6.

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