ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ

Indo-Aryan
Indo-Aryan
Indic
ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ; ᱪᱷᱮᱨ	South Asia
ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan; ;
ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ	Proto-Indo-Aryan
ᱟᱭᱮᱥᱳ ᱖᱓᱙ᱼ᱒ / ᱕	inc
ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟᱥᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ	59= (phylozone)
ᱜᱽᱞᱚᱴᱴᱚᱞᱚᱜᱽ	indo1321
	Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. Romani, Domari, Kholosi and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map. Pashai (Dardic) Chitrali (Dardic) Shina (Dardic) Kohistani (Dardic) Kashmiri (Dardic) Punjabi (Northwestern) Sindhi (Northwestern) Rajasthani (Western) Gujarati (Western) Bhili and Khandeshi (Western) Himachali (= W. Pahari, Northern) Garhwali-Kumaoni (= C. Pahari, Northern) Nepali (= E. Pahari, Northern) Western Hindi (Central) Eastern Hindi (Central) Bihari (Eastern) Bengali-Assamese (Eastern) Oriya (Eastern) Halbi (Eastern) Marathi-Konkani (Southern) Sinhala-Maldivian (Southern) (not shown: Kunar (Dardic), Chinali-Lahuli)

ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (21st century) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱘᱐ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ^[᱒] ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ^[᱓] ᱾

Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. Romani, Domari, Kholosi and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.

ᱯᱟᱥᱟᱭ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱟᱞᱤ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

ᱥᱤᱱᱟ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

ᱠᱷᱳᱭᱥᱟᱱᱤ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ (ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ)

ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ (ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ)

ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ (ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ (ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥᱤ (ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞᱤ (= ᱯ. ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ)

ᱜᱟᱲᱣᱟᱞᱤ-ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱶᱱᱤ (= ᱛ. ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ)

ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ (= ᱥ. ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ)

ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ (ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)

ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ (ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)

ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ)

ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ-ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ)

ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ)

ᱦᱟᱞᱵᱤ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ)

ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ-ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ (ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ-ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ (ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

(ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ: ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱨ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ), ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱞᱤ-ᱞᱟᱦᱩᱞᱤ)

ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱤᱛ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱥᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ-ᱩᱨᱫᱩ (᱓᱒᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ), ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ (᱒᱔᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ (᱑᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ), ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ (᱑᱑᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ (᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ (᱕᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ (᱕᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ (᱓᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱢᱚᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ (᱓᱔ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ), ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ (᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ (᱑᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ (᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ (᱑᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ (native speakers) ᱙᱐ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ^[᱔] ᱾

ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ :

ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ
ᱥᱤᱱᱟ
ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱟᱞᱤ
ᱠᱳᱦᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ
ᱯᱟᱥᱟᱭ
ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱨ

ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ (ᱵᱩᱨᱩ) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ :

ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ: ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ, ᱡᱩᱢᱞᱤ, ᱰᱮᱴᱚᱞᱤ;

ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ: ᱜᱟᱲᱣᱟᱞᱤ, ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱣᱱᱤ;

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ(ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞᱤ): ᱰᱳᱜᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱝᱨᱤ, ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱨᱣᱟᱦᱤ, ᱪᱩᱨᱟᱦᱤ, ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱮᱭᱟᱞᱤ, ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱥᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱮᱞᱤ, ᱜᱟᱰᱰᱤ, ᱯᱟᱝᱣᱟᱞᱤ, ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮᱞᱤ, ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱥᱩ, ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱭᱩᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ, ᱠᱩᱞᱞᱩ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱨᱤ, ᱥᱨᱢᱟᱣᱨᱤ ᱾

ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ

ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾

ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ

ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ

ᱵᱷᱤᱞ

ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥᱤ

ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱫᱤ

ᱰᱳᱢᱟᱠᱤ

ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤ

ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ)[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ: ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ (ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱩᱨᱫᱩ), ᱵᱨᱚᱡ, ᱵᱩᱱᱫᱮᱞᱤ;

ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ: ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱮᱞᱤ, ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ,

ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ: ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱩ, ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱞᱤ, ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ (ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ), ᱢᱚᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ, ᱚᱝᱜᱤᱠᱟ;

ᱦᱞᱵᱤᱠ

ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ: ᱵᱟᱞᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨᱤ, ᱜᱚᱧᱡᱟᱢᱤ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱵᱳᱰᱳ;

ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ-ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ: ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩᱯᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤ, ᱪᱟᱠᱢᱟ;

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ-ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ
- ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤᱠ: ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ

- ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤᱠ: ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ
ᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ
- ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ
- ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ: ᱫᱤᱦᱮᱵᱷᱤ, ᱢᱟᱦᱚᱞ ᱾

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ-ᱵᱳᱭᱫᱤᱠ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳ-ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢᱠᱚ (᱑᱕᱐᱐-᱓᱐᱐ BCE), ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱵᱳᱭᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱟᱱᱤ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ (ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ)[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱡᱚ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱰᱳᱢᱟᱨᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱞᱳᱢᱟᱵᱷᱨᱮᱱ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

The Indo-Aryan languages, 25 Oct 2009
The Indo-Aryan languages Colin P.Masica
Survey of the syntax of the modern Indo-Aryan languages (Rajesh Bhatt), 7 February 2003.

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Indo-Aryan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (help)
↑ "Overview of Indo-Aryan languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
↑ Various counts depend on where the line is drawn between a "dialect" and a "language".ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Cn Glottolog 4.1 lists 224 languages.
↑ Edwin Francis Bryant; Laurie L. Patton (2005). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Indo-Aryan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (help)

[EB-2] "Overview of Indo-Aryan languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

[3] Various counts depend on where the line is drawn between a "dialect" and a "language".ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Cn Glottolog 4.1 lists 224 languages.

[4] Edwin Francis Bryant; Laurie L. Patton (2005). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6.

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