ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ

Indo-Aryan
Indic
Geographic distribution	South Asia
Linguistic classification	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan
Proto-language	Proto-Indo-Aryan
ISO 639-2 / 5	inc
Linguasphere	59= (phylozone)
Glottolog	indo1321
Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. Romani, Domari, Kholosi and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.   Pashai (Dardic)   Chitrali (Dardic)   Shina (Dardic)   Kohistani (Dardic)   Kashmiri (Dardic)   Punjabi (Northwestern)   Sindhi (Northwestern)   Rajasthani (Western)   Gujarati (Western)   Bhili and Khandeshi (Western)   Himachali (= W. Pahari, Northern)   Garhwali-Kumaoni (= C. Pahari, Northern)   Nepali (= E. Pahari, Northern)   Western Hindi (Central)   Eastern Hindi (Central)   Bihari (Eastern)   Bengali-Assamese (Eastern)   Oriya (Eastern)   Halbi (Eastern)   Marathi-Konkani (Southern)   Sinhala-Maldivian (Southern) (not shown: Kunar (Dardic), Chinali-Lahuli)

ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (21st century) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱘᱐ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. Romani, Domari, Kholosi and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.

  ᱯᱟᱥᱟᱭ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

  ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱟᱞᱤ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

  ᱥᱤᱱᱟ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

  ᱠᱷᱳᱭᱥᱟᱱᱤ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

  ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ)

  ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ (ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ)

  ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ (ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ)

  ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ (ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

  ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ (ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

  ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥᱤ (ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

  ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞᱤ (= ᱯ. ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ)

  ᱜᱟᱲᱣᱟᱞᱤ-ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱶᱱᱤ (= ᱛ. ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ)

  ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ (= ᱥ. ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ)

  ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ (ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)

  ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ (ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ)

  ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ)

  ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱼᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ)

  ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ)

  ᱦᱟᱞᱵᱤ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ)

  ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤᱼᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ (ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

  ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤᱼᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ (ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱭᱟᱭ)

(ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ: ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱨ (ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ), ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱞᱤᱼᱞᱟᱦᱩᱞᱤ)

ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱨᱤᱛ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱥᱮ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ-ᱩᱨᱫᱩ (᱓᱒᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ), ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ (᱒᱔᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ (᱑᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ), ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ (᱑᱑᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ (᱖᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ (᱕᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ (᱕᱑ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ (᱓᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱢᱚᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ (᱓᱔ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ), ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ (᱒᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ (᱑᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ), ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ (᱑᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ (᱑᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱵᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ (native speakers) ᱙᱐ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾

ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ

ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ

ᱫᱟᱨᱫᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ :

• ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ
• ᱥᱤᱱᱟ
• ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱟᱞᱤ
• ᱠᱳᱦᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ
• ᱯᱟᱥᱟᱭ
• ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱨ

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ (ᱵᱩᱨᱩ) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ :

• ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ: ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ, ᱡᱩᱢᱞᱤ, ᱰᱮᱴᱚᱞᱤ;

• ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ: ᱜᱟᱲᱣᱟᱞᱤ, ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱣᱱᱤ;

• ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ(ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞᱤ): ᱰᱳᱜᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱝᱨᱤ, ᱵᱷᱟᱫᱟᱨᱣᱟᱦᱤ, ᱪᱩᱨᱟᱦᱤ, ᱵᱷᱟᱛᱮᱭᱟᱞᱤ, ᱵᱤᱞᱟᱥᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱪᱟᱢᱵᱮᱞᱤ, ᱜᱟᱰᱰᱤ, ᱯᱟᱝᱣᱟᱞᱤ, ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮᱞᱤ, ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱥᱩ, ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱭᱩᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤ, ᱠᱩᱞᱞᱩ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱨᱤ, ᱥᱨᱢᱟᱣᱨᱤ ᱾

ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

• ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ

• ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾

• ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ

• ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ

• ᱵᱷᱤᱞ

• ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱫᱮᱥᱤ

• ᱞᱳᱢᱵᱟᱫᱤ

• ᱰᱳᱢᱟᱠᱤ

• ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤ

ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ)

• ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ: ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ (ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱩᱨᱫᱩ), ᱵᱨᱚᱡ, ᱵᱩᱱᱫᱮᱞᱤ;

• ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ: ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱮᱞᱤ, ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ,

ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

• ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ: ᱛᱷᱟᱨᱩ, ᱠᱩᱨᱢᱟᱞᱤ, ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ (ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ), ᱢᱚᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ, ᱚᱝᱜᱤᱠᱟ;

• ᱦᱞᱵᱤᱠ

• ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ: ᱵᱟᱞᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨᱤ, ᱜᱚᱧᱡᱟᱢᱤ, ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱵᱳᱰᱳ;

• ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱼᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ: ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩᱯᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱴᱤ, ᱪᱟᱠᱢᱟ;

ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ

• ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤᱼᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ
  • ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤᱠ: ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ

• • ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤᱠ: ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ
• ᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ
  • ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ
  • ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ: ᱫᱤᱦᱮᱵᱷᱤ, ᱢᱟᱦᱚᱞ ᱾

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ

ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮᱼᱵᱳᱭᱫᱤᱠ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢᱠᱚ (᱑᱕᱐᱐-᱓᱐᱐ BCE), ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱵᱳᱭᱫᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱛᱟᱱᱤᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

• The Indo-Aryan languages, 25 Oct 2009
• The Indo-Aryan languages Colin P.Masica
• Survey of the syntax of the modern Indo-Aryan languages (Rajesh Bhatt), 7 February 2003.